J Korean Med Sci.  2020 Apr;35(15):e100. 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e100.

Dawn of the Visible Monkey: Segmentation of the Rhesus Monkey for 2D and 3D Applications

• Kim CY
• Lee AK
• Choi HD
• Park JS

• KMID: 2500188
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e100

Abstract

Background
To properly utilize the sectioned images in a Visible Monkey dataset, it is essential to segment the images into distinct structures. This segmentation allows the sectioned images to be compiled into two-dimensional or three-dimensional software packages to facilitate anatomy and radiology education, and allows them to be used in experiments involving electromagnetic radiation. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate the potential of the sectioned images using the segmented images.
Methods
Using sectioned images of a monkey's entire body, 167 structures were segmented using Adobe Photoshop. The segmented images and sectioned images were packaged into the browsing software. Surface models were made from the segmented images using Mimics. Volume models were made from the sectioned images and segmented images using MRIcroGL.
Results
In total, 839 segmented images of 167 structures in the entire body of a monkey were produced at 0.5-mm intervals (pixel size, 0.024 mm; resolution, 8,688 × 5,792; color depth, 24-bit color; BMP format). Using the browsing software, the sectioned images and segmented images were able to be observed continuously and magnified along with the names of the structures. The surface models of PDF file were able to be handled freely using Adobe Reader. In the surface models, the space information of all segmented structures was able to be identified using Sim4Life. On MRIcroGL, the volume model was able to be browsed and sectioned at any angle with real color.
Conclusion
Browsing software, surface models, and volume models are able to be produced based on the segmentation of the sectioned images. These will be helpful for students and researchers studying monkey anatomy and radiology, as well as for biophysicists examining the effects of electromagnetic radiation.

Keyword

Haplorhini; Visible Human Projects; Software; Three-Dimensional Imaging

Figure

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  Fig. 1 Browsing software for a rhesus monkey. In the software, (A) the sectioned images and (B) segmented images of the thorax are able to be browsed serially. The name of the structure appears when a mouse pointer is placed over the image.

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  Fig. 2 Surface models of a rhesus monkey in Adobe Reader. The surface models of (A) the skin, (B) muscle, and (C) bones and organs are able to be displayed. (D, E, F) After the surface models are expanded, detailed shapes of segmented structures can be observed. (F) In front of the scaphoid, a sesamoid bone (red color) is visible.

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  Fig. 3 Volume models of a rhesus monkey on MRIcroGL. The volume models of (A) the whole body, (B) head, and (C) heart can be dissected at any angle (from left to right), similar to the dissection of a real cadaver.

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  Fig. 4 Voxel models from STL files on Sim4Life software. (A) Voxel volumes (green box) of 167 structures in a whole monkey body, (B) white matter of the cerebrum, and (C) gray matter of the cerebrum are able to be measured.

• 

  Fig. 5 Comparison of structures between a monkey and a human. In the head, (A) cerebral gyri of the monkey are simpler than (B) those of the human (black arrow). (A) The gray and white matter of the monkey are also simpler than (B) those of the human (white arrow). (A) The eyeball, optic nerve, (C) lateral geniculate nucleus (arrow), and hippocampus of the monkey are larger than (D) that of the human. (E) Because there is minimal fat in the monkey body, the rim of the heart and visceral layer of serous pericardium (arrow) of monkey are very clear, compared with (F) those of the human. (G) In the monkey, there is little fat (arrow) between skin and muscle, as well as between organs; (H) the human exhibits greater volumes of fat in both areas.

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