Dement Neurocogn Disord.  2019 Sep;18(3):96-104. 10.12779/dnd.2019.18.3.96.

Development and Validation of the Full Version of Story Memory in the Korean-Mini Mental State Examination, 2nd Edition: Expanded Version (K-MMSE-2: EV)

• Song M
• Lee SH
• Yu KH
• Kang Y

• KMID: 2461050
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.12779/dnd.2019.18.3.96

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
The Korean version of Story Memory (SM) in the Korean-Mini Mental State Examination, 2nd Edition: Expanded Version (K-MMSE-2: EV) was developed. Based on the SM, we additionally developed a full version of SM including delayed recall (DR) and recognition adding to immediate recall (IR). This study aimed to examine the reliabilities and validities of the newly developed SM in the K-MMSE-2: EV and its full version.
METHODS
Ninety-five healthy elderly individuals (HE), 90 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and 53 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) participated in the study. They were administered the full version of SM with the Seoul Verbal Learning Test-Elderly's version (SVLT-E) and Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT). In addition, the SM was re-administered to 51 participants after a 5-week interval. Two clinical neuropsychologists independently rated the performance of 50 participants.
RESULTS
The test-retest reliabilities of the IR, DR, and recognition of the SM were statistically significant. The inter-rater reliabilities (Cohen's kappa) were high (0.87-1.00) for all the measures. The IR, DR, and recognition of SM had significant positive correlations with those of the SVLT-E and RCFT. Significant group differences in IR and DR of SM were found among the HE, aMCI, and DAT groups. The recognition scores were significantly different between the aMCI and DAT groups, but not between the HE and aMCI groups.
CONCLUSIONS
The newly developed full version of SM in the K-MMSE-2: EV was proven to be a reliable and valid memory measure for clinical use.

Keyword

Mini Mental State Examination; Story Memory; Immediate Recall; Delayed Recall; Recognition; Mild Cognitive Impairment; Dementia

MeSH Terms

Aged
Dementia
Humans
Memory*
Memory, Short-Term
Mild Cognitive Impairment
Seoul
Verbal Learning

Reference

1. De Jager CA, Hogervorst E, Combrinck M, Budge MM. Sensitivity and specificity of neuropsychological tests for mild cognitive impairment, vascular cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Psychol Med. 2003; 33:1039–1050.

2. Kavé G, Heinik J. Neuropsychological evaluation of mild cognitive impairment: three case reports. Clin Neuropsychol. 2004; 18:362–372.

3. Baek MJ, Kim HJ, Kim S. Comparison between the story recall test and the word-list learning test in Korean patients with mild cognitive impairment and early stage of Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2012; 34:396–404.

4. Rabin LA, Paré N, Saykin AJ, Brown MJ, Wishart HA, Flashman LA, et al. Differential memory test sensitivity for diagnosing amnestic mild cognitive impairment and predicting conversion to Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2009; 16:357–376.

5. Wicklund AH, Johnson N, Rademaker A, Weitner BB, Weintraub S. Word list versus story memory in Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2006; 20:86–92.

6. Tremont G, Halpert S, Javorsky DJ, Stern RA. Differential impact of executive dysfunction on verbal list learning and story recall. Clin Neuropsychol. 2000; 14:295–302.

7. Kang Y, Jahng S, Na DL. Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery. Second Edition (SNSB-II): Professional Manual. Incheon: Human Brain Research and Consulting;2012.

8. Woo JI, Kim KW, Kim SY, Kim JH, Woo SI, Yoon JC, et al. Korean Version of Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD-K). 2nd ed. Seoul: Seoul National University Press;2015.

9. Shim YS, Yoo SH, Yoo HJ, Lee DW, Lee JY, Jeong JH, et al. Literacy Independent Cognitive Assessment (LICA). Seoul: Hakjisa Publisher;2016.

10. Dubois B, Albert ML. Amnestic MCI or prodromal Alzheimer's disease? Lancet Neurol. 2004; 3:246–248.

11. Kizilbash AH, Vanderploeg RD, Curtiss G. The effects of depression and anxiety on memory performance. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2002; 17:57–67.

12. Fossati P, Coyette F, Ergis AM, Allilaire JF. Influence of age and executive functioning on verbal memory of inpatients with depression. J Affect Disord. 2002; 68:261–271.

13. Tounsi H, Deweer B, Ergis AM, Van der Linden M, Pillon B, Michon A, et al. Sensitivity to semantic cuing: an index of episodic memory dysfunction in early Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1999; 13:38–46.

14. Grober E, Lipton RB, Hall C, Crystal H. Memory impairment on free and cued selective reminding predicts dementia. Neurology. 2000; 54:827–832.

15. Lavenu I, Pasquier F, Lebert F, Pruvo JP, Petit H. Explicit memory in frontotemporal dementia: the role of medial temporal atrophy. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 1998; 9:99–102.

16. Petersen RC, Smith G, Kokmen E, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG. Memory function in normal aging. Neurology. 1992; 42:396–401.

17. Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Loring DW, Hannay HJ, Fischer JS. Neuropsychological Assessment. 4th ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press;2004. p. 414–415.

18. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, White T, Messer MA. MMSE-2 User's Manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources;2010.

19. Christensen KJ, Multhaup KS, Nordstrom S, Voss K. A cognitive battery for dementia: development and measurement characteristics. Psychol Assess. 1991; 3:168–174.

20. Kang YW. A normative study of the Korean-Mini Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) in the elderly. Korean J Psychol. 2006; 25:1–12.

21. Ye BS, Seo SW, Cho H, Kim SY, Lee JS, Kim EJ, et al. Effects of education on the progression of early- versus late-stage mild cognitive impairment. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013; 25:597–606.

22. Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol. 1999; 56:303–308.

23. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology. 1984; 34:939–944.

24. Meyers JE, Meyers KR. Rey Complex Figure Test and Recognition Trial: Professional Manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources;1995.

25. Morris JC. The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules. Neurology. 1993; 43:2412–2414.

26. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, de Leon MJ, Crook T. The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 1982; 139:1136–1139.

27. Bae JN, Cho MJ. Development of the Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale and its short form among elderly psychiatric patients. J Psychosom Res. 2004; 57:297–305.

28. White T, Stern RA. NAB Visual Discrimination Test Professional Manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources;2009.

29. Ekstrom RB, French JW, Harman HH, Dermen D. Manual for Kit of Factor-Referenced Cognitive Tests. Princeton. NJ: Educational Testing Service;1976.

30. Delis DC, Cullum CM, Butters N, Cairns P, Prifitera A. Wechsler memory scale-revised and California verbal learning test: convergence and divergence. Clin Neuropsychol. 1988; 2:188–196.

31. Zahodne LB, Bowers D, Price CC, Bauer RM, Nisenzon A, Foote KD, et al. The case for testing memory with both stories and word lists prior to DBS surgery for Parkinson's Disease. Clin Neuropsychol. 2011; 25:348–358.

32. Perri R, Fadda L, Caltagirone C, Carlesimo GA. Word list and story recall elicit different patterns of memory deficit in patients with Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, subcortical ischemic vascular disease, and Lewy body dementia. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013; 37:99–107.

33. Guarch J, Marcos T, Salamero M, Gastó C, Blesa R. Mild cognitive impairment: a risk indicator of later dementia, or a preclinical phase of the disease? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008; 23:257–265.

34. Tromp D, Dufour A, Lithfous S, Pebayle T, Després O. Episodic memory in normal aging and Alzheimer disease: Insights from imaging and behavioral studies. Ageing Res Rev. 2015; 24:232–262.

35. Traykov L, Rigaud AS, Cesaro P, Boller F. Neuropsychological impairment in the early Alzheimer's disease. Encephale. 2007; 33:310–316.

36. Batchelder WH, Riefer DM. Separation of storage and retrieval factors in free recall of clusterable pairs. Psychol Rev. 1980; 87:375–397.