Yonsei Med J.  2019 Oct;60(10):890-897. 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.10.890.

“Hairiness” is a Facsimile of Reorganized Cytoskeletons: A Cytopathic Effect of Coxiella burnetii

• Lee WY

• KMID: 2459141
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2019.60.10.890

Abstract

In 1993, I reported that Coxiella burnetii transforms human B cells into hairy cells (cbHCs), the first hairy cell reported outside of hairy cell leukemia (HCL). Over last few decades, advances in molecular biology have provided evidence supporting that C. burnetii induces hairiness and inhibits the apoptosis of host cells. The present review summarizes new information in support of cbHC. C. burnetii was shown to induce reorganization of the cytoskeleton and to inhibit apoptosis in host cells. Peritoneal B1a cells were found to be permissive for virulent C. burnetii Nine Mile phase I (NMI) strains in mice. C. burnetii severely impaired E-cad expression in circulating cells of Q fever patients. B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma was linked to C. burnetii. Mutation of BRAF V600E was pronounced in HCL, but "hairiness" was not linked to the mutation. Risk factors shared among coxiellosis and HCL in humans and animals were reported in patients with Q-fever. Accordingly, I propose that C. burnetii induces reorganization of the cytoskeleton and inhibits apoptosis as cytopathic effects that are not target cell specific. The observed hairiness in cbHC appears to be a fixed image of dynamic nature, and hairy cells in HCL are distinct among lymphoid cells in circulation. As the cytoskeleton plays key roles in maintaining cell structural integrity in health and disease, the pathophysiology of similar cytopathic effects should be addressed in other diseases, such as myopathies, B-cell dyscrasias, and autoimmune syndromes.

Keyword

Coxiella burnetii; C. burnetii-induced hairy cell; cytoskeleton; anti-apoptosis; hairy cell leukemia

MeSH Terms

Animals
Apoptosis
B-Lymphocytes
Coxiella burnetii*
Coxiella*
Cytoskeleton*
Humans
Leukemia, Hairy Cell
Lymphocytes
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Mice
Molecular Biology
Muscular Diseases
Q Fever
Risk Factors

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 Scanning electron micrograph of Coxiella burnetii transforms human B cells into hairy cell infected with C. burnetii (Nine Mile phase I strain). Note the numerous projections. Bars represent 5 µm. Adopted from Lee.1

• 

  Fig. 2 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of Coxiella burnetii transforms human B cells into hairy cells (cbHCs) with C. burnetii in the cytoplasm. Ultrathin sections were fixed in glutaraldehyde examined at ×3000. (A) On low magnification TEM, the cytoplasm is filled with the organisms varying in size and shape. The part of the cytoplasm boxed in with a white line is further magnified. Bar reflects 1 µm. (B) Compactness and containing endospore-like granules (arrows). Bar reflects 1 µm. (C) Double membraned organisms and multiple ribosome lamella complexes (arrow). Bar represents 1 µm. The bottom left comer inlet is a laser scanned image of a cbHC. Bar represents 10 µm. Adopted from Lee.1

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