Korean J Women Health Nurs.  2019 Mar;25(1):112-123. 10.4069/kjwhn.2019.25.1.112.

Pregnant Women's Antenatal Depression and Influencing Factors

• Koh M
• Ahn S
• Kim J
• Park S
• Oh J

• KMID: 2449875
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2019.25.1.112

Abstract

PURPOSE
The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antenatal depression in pregnant women and its influencing factors.
METHODS
With a cross-sectional survey design, a total of 396 pregnant women were recruited from a local obstetrics and gynecology clinic. Measurements included antenatal depression, perceived stress, predictors of depression during pregnancy, and demographic and obstetric characteristics.
RESULTS
Mean antenatal depression score was 8.20 (standard deviation=4.95) out of 30, falling into its normal range. However, the prevalence of antenatal depression was 35.9% when cut-point of 9/10 was used. The prevalence of antenatal depression among women in the first trimester was 31.4%. It was slightly increased to 34.9% in the second trimester but significantly increased to 40.5% in the third trimester. In multiple logistic regression analysis, experiencing prenatal anxiety (odds ratio [OR], 4.16), having no job (OR, 2.90), lower self-esteem (OR, 1.62), and higher perceived stress (OR, 1.32) were significant factors influencing antenatal depression.
CONCLUSION
Negative feeling such as feeling anxious, lower self-esteem, and higher perceived stress during pregnancy are key factors affecting antenatal depression. Thus, antenatal nursing intervention focusing on pregnant women's feeling upon their job status is necessary to improve their antenatal psychological well-being.

Keyword

Pregnant women; Maternal health; Depression; Anxiety; Nursing

MeSH Terms

Accidental Falls
Anxiety
Cross-Sectional Studies
Depression*
Female
Gynecology
Humans
Logistic Models
Maternal Health
Nursing
Obstetrics
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Trimester, First
Pregnancy Trimester, Second
Pregnancy Trimester, Third
Pregnant Women
Prevalence
Reference Values

Reference

1. Lépine JP, Briley M. The increasing burden of depression. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2011; 7(Suppl 1):3–7.

2. Liu C, Cnattingius S, Bergström M, Östberg V, Hjern A. Prenatal parental depression and preterm birth: a national cohort study. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2016; 123(12):1973–1982.

3. Brummelte S, Galea LA. Postpartum depression: etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care. Hormones and Behavior. 2016; 77:153–166.

4. Choi SK, Ahn SY, Shin JC, Jang DG. A clinical study of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Korean Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009; 52(11):1102–1107.

5. Kim MO, Kim YL. The mediating effect of fatigue on the relationship between pregnancy stress and depression during the third trimester of pregnancy. Journal of East-West Nursing Research. 2018; 24(1):81–89.

6. Chung JH. Prevalence and risk factor of pregnancy complications. Report No. 2016-ER-6306-01. Cheongju: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2017.

7. Highet NJ, Gemmill AW, Milgrom J. Depression in the perinatal period: awareness, attitudes and knowledge in the Australian population. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2011; 45(3):223–231.

8. Nonacs R, Cohen LS. Depression during pregnancy: diagnosis and treatment options. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63:Suppl 7. 24–30.

9. Elek SM, Hudson DB, Fleck MO. Couples' experiences with fatigue during the transition to parenthood. Journal of Family Nursing. 2002; 8(3):221–240.

10. Beck CT. Revision of the postpartum depression predictors inventory. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 2002; 31(4):394–402.

11. Beck CT. Predictors of postpartum depression: an update. Nursing Research. 2001; 50(5):275–285.

12. Kim HW, Jung YY. Influencing factors on antenatal depression. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing. 2010; 16(2):95–104.

13. Kim YL, Chung CW. Factors of prenatal depression by stress-vulnerability and stress-coping models. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing. 2014; 20(1):38–47.

14. Kim YL, Hwang SW. Structural equation modeling on antenatal depression. Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics. 2018; 43(4):336–343.

15. Youn JH, Jeong IS. Predictors of postpartum depression: prospective cohort study. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2013; 43(2):225–235.

16. Kim YK, Hur JW, Kim KH, Oh KS, Shin YC. Clinical application of Korean version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. 2008; 47(1):36–44.

17. Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1987; 150(6):782–786.

18. Murray D, Cox JL. Screening for depression during pregnancy with the Edinburgh Depression Scale (EDDS). Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 1990; 8(2):99–107.

19. Underwood L, Waldie K, D'Souza S, Peterson ER, Morton S. A review of longitudinal studies on antenatal and postnatal depression. Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2016; 19(5):711–720.

20. Youn JH, Jeong IS. Predictive validity of the postpartum depression predictors inventory-revised. Asian Nursing Research. 2011; 5(4):210–215.

21. Records K, Rice M, Beck CT. Psychometric assessment of the postpartum depression predictors inventory-revised. Journal of Nursing Measurement. 2007; 15(3):189–202.

22. Beck CT, Records K, Rice M. Further development of the postpartum depression predictors inventory-revised. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 2006; 35(6):735–745.

23. Cho H, Hyun M. The effects of perceived stress and self compassion on the relationship between self criticism and depression. Korean Journal of Health Psychology. 2011; 16(1):49–62.

24. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1983; 24(4):385–396.

25. Kim MW, Yang HS, Kim JR. A study on agreements among screening tests and related factors with postpartum depression. Obstetrics & Gynecology Science. 2009; 52(11):1133–1143.

26. Ashley JM, Harper BD, Arms-Chavez CJ, LoBello SG. Estimated prevalence of antenatal depression in the US population. Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2016; 19(2):395–400.

27. Husain N, Parveen A, Husain M, Saeed Q, Jafri F, Rahman R, et al. Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of perinatal depression: a cohort study from urban Pakistan. Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2011; 14(5):395–403.

28. Ogbo FA, Eastwood J, Hendry A, Jalaludin B, Agho KE, Barnett B, et al. Determinants of antenatal depression and postnatal depression in Australia. BMC Psychiatry. 2018; 18(1):49.

29. Biratu A, Haile D. Prevalence of antenatal depression and associated factors among pregnant women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Reproductive Health. 2015; 12:99.

30. Corbani IE, Rucci P, Iapichino E, Quartieri Bollani M, Cauli G, Ceruti MR, et al. Comparing the prevalence and the risk profile for antenatal depressive symptoms across cultures. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2017; 63(7):622–631.