Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol.  2019 May;12(2):206-211. 10.21053/ceo.2018.01116.

Characteristics of Smell Identification Test in Patients With Parkinson Disease

• Fujio H
• Inokuchi G
• Tatehara S
• Kuroki S
• Fukuda Y
• Kowa H
• Nibu KI

• KMID: 2447430
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.21053/ceo.2018.01116

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Parkinson disease (PD) is frequently associated with olfactory disorder at early stage, which is caused by deposition of Lewy bodies emerging from the olfactory bulb to higher olfactory centers. Early detection of olfactory disorder in the patients with PD may lead to the early diagnosis and treatment for this refractory disease.
METHODS
Visual analog scale (VAS), Jet Stream Olfactometry, and Japanese smell identification test, Open Essence (OE), were carried out on 39 patients with PD. Thirty-one patients with postviral olfactory disorder (PVOD), which was caused by the olfactory mucosal dysfunction, were also enrolled in this study as control.
RESULTS
There were no significant differences in detection thresholds (2.2 vs. 1.4, P=0.13), recognition thresholds (3.9 vs. 3.5, P=0.39) and OE (4.8 vs. 4.2, P=0.47) between PVOD and PD, while VAS scores of PVOD and PD were significantly different (2.0 and 6.2, P<0.01). In OE, significant differences were observed in the accuracy rates of menthol (68% vs. 44%, P=0.04) and Indian ink (42% vs. 15%, P=0.01) between PVOD and PD. Of particular interest, patients with PVOD tended to select "no detectable," while patients with PD tended to select wrong alternative other than "no smell detected."
CONCLUSION
Discrepancy between VAS and OE, and high selected rates of wrong alternative other than "undetectable" in OE might be significant signs of olfactory dysfunction associated with PD.

Keyword

Postviral Olfactory Disorder; Parkinson Disease; Open Essence; Smell Identification Test

MeSH Terms

Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Early Diagnosis
Humans
Ink
Lewy Bodies
Menthol
Olfactometry
Olfactory Bulb
Parkinson Disease*
Rivers
Smell*
Visual Analog Scale
Menthol

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1. Selected answers of 12 odors in PVOD and PD groups. PVOD, postviral olfactory disorder; PD, Parkinson disease.

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  Fig. 2. Distribution of the selected rates of wrong alternatives other than “undetectable” as the wrong answers according to the number of correct answers in Open Essence. PVOD, postviral olfactory disorder; PD, Parkinson disease.

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  Fig. 3. Receiver operating characteristic curve between postviral olfactory disorder (PVOD) and Parkinson disease (PD) groups. When cutoff value was set up at 77% in the selected rates of wrong answers other than “undetectable,” the sensitivity was 0.909; specificity was 0.5; and area under the curve (AUC) was 0.657.

• 

  Fig. 4. Number of correct answers of Open Essence (OE) scores according to mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores. No significant correlation was observed between MMSE and OE scores.

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