Int Neurourol J.  2019 Mar;23(1):5-12. 10.5213/inj.1836262.131.

For Physicians Managing Voiding Dysfunction, Improving the Detection Rate of Early Prostate Cancer and Discrimination From Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, in a Molecular Biomarker Aspects

• Kim WT
• Yun SJ
• Kim WJ

• KMID: 2446741
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5213/inj.1836262.131

Abstract

Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most common cancer diagnosed among men in the United States and the fifth most common cancer among men in Korea. Unfortunately, the early stages of CaP may have no symptoms. Thus, early detection is very important and physicians managing voiding dysfunction must have awareness about CaP. The traditional tests used for early detection of CaP are the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test and digital rectal examination. However, a high PSA level is not specific for CaP. Benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, urinary tract infection, and urinary retention can all cause a high PSA level. Thus, no test shows sufficient accuracy to truly be useful for screening men for CaP. A prostate biopsy is the only method that yields a definitive diagnosis of CaP; however, this test is invasive and uncomfortable. Recently, new biomarkers for CaP detection have been proposed to improve the accuracy of the PSA test. In this review, we summarize our knowledge of various new biomarkers, including PSA-associated biomarkers (the prostate health index and 4Kscore), molecular biomarkers (PCA3, TMPRSS2: ERG fusion gene, and various miRNAs), and proteomics-associated biomarkers, and the ways in which they may improve the detection rate of CaP. Accordingly, this review can raise awareness about CaP to physicians managing voiding dysfunction and be a good reference for them.

Keyword

Prostatic neoplasms; Biomarkers; Early detection of cancer

MeSH Terms

Biomarkers
Biopsy
Diagnosis
Digital Rectal Examination
Discrimination (Psychology)*
Early Detection of Cancer
Hematologic Tests
Humans
Korea
Male
Mass Screening
Methods
Prostate*
Prostate-Specific Antigen
Prostatic Hyperplasia*
Prostatic Neoplasms*
Prostatitis
United States
Urinary Retention
Urinary Tract Infections
Biomarkers
Prostate-Specific Antigen