Korean J Orthod.  2018 Jan;48(1):48-56. 10.4041/kjod.2018.48.1.48.

Effect of carbonated water manufactured by a soda carbonator on etched or sealed enamel

• Ryu HK
• Kim YD
• Heo SS
• Kim SC

• KMID: 2441441
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2018.48.1.48

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of carbonated water on etched or sealed enamel according to the carbonation level and the presence of calcium ions.
METHODS
Carbonated water with different carbonation levels was manufactured by a soda carbonator. Seventy-five premolar teeth were randomly divided into a control group and 4 experimental groups in accordance with the carbonation level and the presence of calcium ions in the test solutions. After specimen preparation of the Unexposed, Etched, and Sealed enamel subgroups, all the specimens were submerged in each test solution for 15 minutes three times a day during 7 days. Microhardness tests on the Unexposed and Etched enamel subgroups were performed with 10 specimens from each group. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests on the Unexposed, Etched, and Sealed enamel subgroups were performed with 5 specimens from each group. Microhardness changes in different groups were statistically compared using paired t-tests, the Wilcoxon signed rank test, and the Kruskal-Wallis test.
RESULTS
The microhardness changes were significantly different between the groups (p = 0.000). The microhardness changes in all experimental groups except Group 3 (low-level carbonated water with calcium ions) were significantly greater than those in the Control group. SEM showed that etched areas of the specimen were affected by carbonated water and the magnitude of destruction varied between groups. Adhesive material was partially removed in groups exposed to carbonated water.
CONCLUSIONS
Carbonated water has negative effects on etched or sealed enamel, resulting in decreased microhardness and removal of the adhesive material.

Keyword

Carbonated water; Microhardness test; Scanning electron microscopy; Tooth erosion

MeSH Terms

Adhesives
Bicuspid
Calcium
Carbon*
Carbonated Water*
Dental Enamel*
Ions
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Tooth
Tooth Erosion
Adhesives
Calcium
Carbon
Carbonated Water
Ions

Figure

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  Figure 1 Schematic illustration of specimen preparation and regions of the tooth. A–D, Specimen preparation; E–F, Microhardness test; G, Scanning electron microscopy test.

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  Figure 2 Scanning electron microscopy images of Unexposed enamel subgroups. A, Control group (ultrapure deionized water, ×250); B, Group 1 (low-level carbonated water, ×250); C, Group 2 (high-level carbonated water, ×250); D, Group 3 (low-level carbonated water with calcium ion, ×250); E, Group 4 (high-level carbonated water with calcium ion, ×250).

• 

  Figure 3 Scanning electron microscopy images of Etched enamel subgroups. A, Control group (ultrapure deionized water, ×500); B, Group 1 (low-level carbonated water, ×500); C, Group 2 (high-level carbonated water, ×500); D, Group 3 (low-level carbonated water with calcium ion, ×500); E, Group 4 (high-level carbonated water with calcium ion, ×500).

• 

  Figure 4 Scanning electron microscopy images of Sealed enamel subgroups. A, Control group (ultrapure deionized water, ×25); B, Group 1 (low-level carbonated water, ×55); C, Group 2 (high-level carbonated water, ×25); D, Group 3 (low-level carbonated water with calcium ion, ×40); E, Group 4 (high-level carbonated water with calcium ion, ×30). Arrows, surface of adhesive primer removal.

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