J Korean Med Assoc.  2019 Mar;62(3):141-144. 10.5124/jkma.2019.62.3.141.

Impact of menopause on the women's health

• Na YJ

• KMID: 2441064
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2019.62.3.141

Abstract

Menopause is a consequence of loss of ovarian function. Withdrawal of estrogen level cause various menopausal symptoms. Change in the estrogen level can affect large areas of body target, causing atrophy of tissues and metabolic modifications with psychological and sexual changes that are variably experienced by individual woman. Short-term consequences of estrogen deprivation include vasomotor symptoms and urogenital atrophy. Long-term consequences of estrogen deprivation include cardiovascular disease, bone loss and osteoporosis, cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease.

Keyword

Menopause; Estrogens; Women's health

MeSH Terms

Alzheimer Disease
Atrophy
Cardiovascular Diseases
Estrogens
Female
Humans
Menopause*
Osteoporosis
Women's Health*
Estrogens

Reference

1. Takahashi TA, Johnson KM. Menopause. Med Clin North Am. 2015; 99:521–534.

2. Kim HY, Park JC. Endocrinology of menopause. In : Kim JG, Choi H, editors. Gynecologic endocrinology. Seoul: Kunja;2012. p. 475–476.

3. Fritz MA, Speroff L. Menopause and the perimenopausal transition. In : Fritz MA, Speroff L, editors. Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2011. p. 673–748.

4. Lobo RA. Menopause and aging. In : Strauss JF, Barbieri RL, editors. Yen & Jaffe's reproductive endocrinology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier;2019. p. 322–356.

5. Nelson HD. Menopause. Lancet. 2008; 371:760–770.

6. Bernacchi G, Spina S, Cecchi E, Genazzani AR, Simoncini T. Menopause and HRT: doubts and certainties. In : Genazzani AR, Fauser BC, editors. Frontiers in gynecological endocrinology. Volume 2. From basic science to clinical application. Heidelberg: Springer;2015. p. 167–175.

7. Stenberg A, Heimer G, Ulmsten U, Cnattingius S. Prevalence of genitourinary and other climacteric symptoms in 61-year-old women. Maturitas. 1996; 24:31–36.

8. Brown JS, Vittinghoff E, Kanaya AM, Agarwal SK, Hulley S, Foxman B. Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study Research Group. Progestin Replacement Study Research Group. Urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women: effect of hormone therapy and risk factors. Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 98:1045–1052.

9. Foxman B, Barlow R, D'Arcy H, Gillespie B, Sobel JD. Urinary tract infection: self-reported incidence and associated costs. Ann Epidemiol. 2000; 10:509–515.

10. Brincat M, Moniz CF, Studd JW, Darby AJ, Magos A, Cooper D. Sex hormones and skin collagen content in post-menopausal women. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983; 287:1337–1338.

11. Versi E, Cardozo L, Brincat M, Cooper D, Montgomery J, Studd J. Correlation of urethral physiology and skin collagen in postmenopausal women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988; 95:147–152.

12. Falconer C, Ekman-Ordeberg G, Ulmsten U, Westergren-Thorsson G, Barchan K, Malmstrom A. Changes in paraurethral connective tissue at menopause are counteracted by estrogen. Maturitas. 1996; 24:197–204.

13. Kannel WB, Hjortland MC, McNamara PM, Gordon T. Menopause and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study. Ann Intern Med. 1976; 85:447–452.

14. Byun DW, Yoon HG. 2018 Physician's guide for osteoporosis. Seoul: CDM the Big Publishing Co;2018.

15. MacLusky NJ, Naftolin F. Sexual differentiation of the central nervous system. Science. 1981; 211:1294–1302.

16. Henderson VW. Estrogen, cognition, and a woman's risk of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Med. 1997; 103:11S–18S.