Epidemiol Health.
2018;40:e2018050. 10.4178/epih.e2018050.
Development and validation of a sunlight exposure questionnaire for urban adult Filipinos
- Affiliations
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- 1Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines. marcgreggy@yahoo.com
- 2Department of Clinical Epidemiology, University of the Philippines College of Medicine, Manila, Philippines.
- 3Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, University of the Philippines-National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines.
- 4Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.
- 5Department of Medicine, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.
- 6Department of Family and Community Medicine, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.
- KMID: 2438502
- DOI: http://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018050
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
To develop and validate a self-reported sunlight exposure questionnaire (SEQ) for urban adult Filipinos.
METHODS
The study included adults (19-76 years old) in Metro Manila, Philippines, well-versed in the Filipino (Tagalog) language and had resided in Metro Manila for at least 1 year. Exclusion criteria included pregnancy, active skin disorders, and immunocompromised states. An expert panel created a questionnaire in Likert-scale format based on a conceptual framework and 4 existing instruments. The study proceeded in 4 phases: questionnaire item development, translation and back-translation, pretesting, and construct validity and reliability testing using factor analysis, the Cronbach alpha coefficient, and the paired t-test.
RESULTS
A 25-item, self-administered, Filipino (Tagalog) SEQ answerable using a 4-point Likert scale was created. The questionnaire was administered to 260 adult participants twice at a 2-week interval, with all participants completing both the first and second rounds of testing. All questionnaire items possessed adequate content validity indices of at least 0.86. After factor analysis, 3 questionnaire domains were identified: intensity of sunlight exposure, factors affecting sunlight exposure, and sun protection practices. Internal consistency was satisfactory for both the overall questionnaire (Cronbach alpha, 0.80) and for each of the domains (Cronbach alpha, 0.74, 0.71, and 0.72, respectively). No statistically significant differences were observed in the responses between the first and second rounds of testing, indicating good test-retest reliability.
CONCLUSIONS
We developed a culturally-appropriate SEQ with sufficient content validity, construct validity, and reliability to assess sunlight exposure among urban adult Filipinos in Metro Manila, Philippines.
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