Clin Exp Vaccine Res.  2016 Jul;5(2):117-124. 10.7774/cevr.2016.5.2.117.

Influenza virus vaccine for neglected hosts: horses and dogs

• Na W
• Yeom M
• Yuk H
• Moon H
• Kang B
• Song D

• KMID: 2421558
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2016.5.2.117

Abstract

This study provides information regarding vaccine research and the epidemiology of influenza virus in neglected hosts (horses and dogs). Equine influenza virus (EIV) causes a highly contagious disease in horses and other equids, and outbreaks have occurred worldwide. EIV has resulted in costly damage to the horse industry and has the ability of cross the host species barrier from horses to dogs. Canine influenza is a virus of equine or avian origin and infects companion animals that live in close contact with humans; this results in possible exposure to the seasonal epizootic influenza virus. There have been case reports of genetic reassortment between human and canine influenza viruses, which results in high virulence and the ability of transmission to ferrets. This emphasizes the need for vaccine research on neglected hosts to update knowledge on current strains and to advance technology for controlling influenza outbreaks for public health.

Keyword

Influenza A virus; H3N8 subtype; H3N2 subtype; Disease transmission; Infectious; Influenza vaccine

MeSH Terms

Animals
Disease Outbreaks
Dogs*
Epidemiology
Ferrets
Horses*
Humans
Influenza A virus
Influenza Vaccines
Influenza, Human*
Orthomyxoviridae*
Pets
Public Health
Seasons
Virulence
Influenza Vaccines

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 Increased number influenza vaccine patents according to each animal species from 1993 to 2012. Patents for canine influenza virus occupied less than 5% of major veterinary influenza vaccines (A), and showed the highest rate of increase from 2002 (B). Equine influenza virus vaccines presented a downward trend from 2007 (B).

• 

  Fig. 2 Ratio of patents for influenza vaccine technology according to each animal species in six major intellectual property offices. United States leads in applications for patents for equine influenza virus vaccines. China and Japan had a high number of patents for equine influenza virus vaccines. KIPO, Korean Intellectual Property Office; USPTO, United States Patent and Trademark Office; JPO, Japan Patent Office; EPO, European Patent Office; SIPO, State Intellectual Property Office; WIPO, The World Intellectual Property Organization.

• 

  Fig. 3 Distribution of patent applicants of animal influenza vaccines. Merial Ltd. presented balanced patent applications for all veterinary species. The University of Pittsburgh and Pfizer Inc. applied for the highest number of patents for equine influenza virus and canine influenza virus vaccines, respectively.

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