1. Watson J. The theory of human caring: Retrospective and prospective. Nurs Sci Q. 1997; 10(1):49–52. DOI:
10.1177/089431849701000114.
2. Halldórsdóttir S. Feeling empowered: A phenomenological case study of the lived experience of health. In : Fridlund B, Hildingh C, editors. Qualitative research methods in the service of health. Lund, SE: Studentlitteratur;2000. p. 82–96.
3. Coetzee SK, Klopper HC. Compassion fatigue within nursing practice: A concept analysis. Nurs Health Sci. 2010; 12(2):235–243. DOI:
10.1111/j.1442-2018.2010.00526.x.
4. Kalisch BJ. What is empathy? Am J Nurs. 1973; 73(9):1548–1552.
5. Davis MH. A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Cat Sel Doc Psychol. 1980; 10:85.
6. Sayumporn W, Gallagher S, Brown P, Evans J, Flynn M, Lopez V. The perceptions of nurses in their management of patients experiencing anxiety. J Nurs Educ Pract. 2012; 2(3):38–45. DOI:
10.5430/jnep.v2n3p38.
7. Veloski JJ, Hojat M. Measuring specific elements of professionalism: Empathy, teamwork, and lifelong learning. In : Stern DT, editor. Measuring medical professionalism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press;2006. p. 117–145.
8. Cho NO, Hong YS, Han SS, Um YR. Attributes perceived by cancer patients as a good nurse. Clin Nurs Res. 2006; 11(2):149–162.
9. La Monica EL. Construct validity of an empathy instrument. Res Nurs Health. 1981; 4(4):389–400. DOI:
10.1002/nur.4770040406.
10. Davis MH. Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. J Personal Soc Psychol. 1983; 44(1):113–126. DOI:
10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113.
11. Hojat M, Mangione S, Nasca TJ, Cohen MJM, Gonnella JS, Erdmann JB, et al. The Jefferson scale of physician empathy: Development and preliminary psychometric data. Educ Psychol Meas. 2001; 61(2):349–365. DOI:
10.1177/00131640121971158.
12. Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S. The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord. 2004; 34(2):163–175. DOI:
10.1023/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00.
13. Yu J, Kirk M. Evaluation of empathy measurement tools in nursing: Systematic review. J Adv Nurs. 2009; 65(9):1790–1806. DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05071.x.
14. Kim IS. An investigation on reliability and validity of the Korean medical students' empathy rating scale [master's thesis]. Seoul: Kyung Hee University;2005.
15. Kang WS. An investigation on reliability and validity of the Korean physician empathy rating scale [master's thesis]. Seoul: Kyung Hee University;2007.
16. Lee YJ. Understanding of factor analysis. Seoul: Sukjungbooks;2002.
17. Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Nasca TJ, Mangione S, Vergare M, Magee M. Physician empathy: Definition, components, measurement, and relationship to gender and specialty. Am J Psychiatry. 2002; 159(9):1563–1569. DOI:
10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1563.
18. Fields SK, Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Mangione S, Kane G, Magee M. Comparisons of nurses and physicians on an operational measure of empathy. Eval Health Prof. 2004; 27(1):80–94. DOI:
10.1177/0163278703261206.
19. Park SH. Empathy and empathic understanding. Seoul: Wonmisa;1994.
20. Kim D. Amos A to Z: Structural equation modeling analysis. Paju: Yspub;2008.
21. Fornell C, Larker DF. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J Mark Res. 1981; 18(1):39–50. DOI:
10.2307/3151312.
22. Lee H, Lim J. Structural equation modeling with AMOS 16.0. Paju: Bobmunsa;2009.
23. Bazarko D, Cate RA, Azocar F, Kreitzer MJ. The impact of an innovative mindfulness-based stress reduction program on the health and well-being of nurses employed in a corporate setting. J Workplace Behav Health. 2013; 28(2):107–133. DOI:
10.1080/15555240.2013.779518.
24. Tavakol S, Dennick R, Tavakol M. Psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis of the Jefferson scale of physician empathy. BMC Med Educ. 2011; 11:54. DOI:
10.1186/1472-6920-11-54.
25. Alcorta-Garza A, González-Guerrero JF, Tavitas-Herrera SE, Rodríguez-Lara FJ, Hojat M. Validity and reliability of the Jefferson scale of physician empathy in Mexican medial students. Salud Ment. 2005; 28(5):57–63.
26. Kataoka HU, Koide N, Ochi K, Hojat M, Gonnella JS. Measurement of empathy among Japanese medical students: Psychometrics and score differences by gender and level of medical education. Acad Med. 2009; 84(9):1192–1197. DOI:
10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181b180d4.
27. Kim JH, Shin S, Park JH. A methodological quality assessment of South Korean nursing research using structural equation modeling in South Korea. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2015; 45(2):159–168. DOI:
10.4040/jkan.2015.45.2.159.
28. Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Nasca TJ, Mangione S, Veloksi JJ, Magee M. The Jefferson scale of physician empathy: Further psychometric data and differences by gender and specialty at item level. Acad Med. 2002; 77:10 Suppl. S58–S60. DOI:
10.1097/00001888-200210001-00019.
29. Neumann M, Edelhäuser F, Tauschel D, Fischer MR, Wirtz M, Woopen C, et al. Empathy decline and its reasons: A systematic review of studies with medical students and residents. Acad Med. 2011; 86(8):996–1009. DOI:
10.1097/ACM.0b013e318221e615.
30. Figley CR. Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge;1995.