Korean J Community Nutr.  2017 Dec;22(6):520-528. 10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.6.520.

Dietary Cholesterol Intake in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI (2013–2015)

Affiliations
  • 1Division of Health and Nutrition Survey, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea. kwoh@korea.kr

Abstract


OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study was to assess the intake of dietary cholesterol and its major food sources in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).
METHODS
A total of 20,671 nationally representative sample who had 24-hour recall data from the KNHANES VI (2013-2015) was included in this study. Mean cholesterol intake and the prevalence of subjects with cholesterol intake over the Intake Goal of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Koreans were analyzed. Intakes of cholesterol by food groups or each food were calculated to find out the major food sources for cholesterol intake in Koreans.
RESULTS
The mean dietary cholesterol intake was 261.3 mg, which was higher in men (303.5 mg) compared to women (219.1 mg). Dietary cholesterol intake and the prevalence of subjects with cholesterol intake over the Intake Goal of DRIs were the highest in the 19-29 year old group. The eggs was the first major food group source for cholesterol intake in all age groups. Major food sources for cholesterol intake among Korean were egg, chicken, pork, squid and beef, which contributed 66.9% to total cholesterol intake.
CONCLUSIONS
Although the mean dietary cholesterol intake was under 300 mg, the prevalence of subjects with cholesterol intake over the Intake Goal of DRIs was about 30% in adults. Because both the mean intake and the prevalence of subjects with cholesterol intake over the Intake Goal of DRIs were higher in young adult groups, the dietary cholesterol intake was expected to be increased.

Keyword

dietary cholesterol; intake; food source; KNHANES

MeSH Terms

Adult
Chickens
Cholesterol
Cholesterol, Dietary*
Decapodiformes
Eggs
Female
Humans
Korea*
Male
Nutrition Surveys*
Ovum
Prevalence
Recommended Dietary Allowances
Red Meat
Young Adult
Cholesterol
Cholesterol, Dietary

Reference

1. Ministry of Health and Welfare. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea Health Statistics 2015: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI-3). Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare;2016.
2. National Institute of Agricultural Sciences. 2012 tables of food functional composition: Cholesterol edition. Suwon: National institute of Agricultural Sciences;2011.
3. McNamara DJ. Dietary cholesterol and atherosclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000; 1529(1):310–320.
4. Berger S, Raman G, Vishwanathan R, Jacques PF, Johnson EJ. Dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015; 102(2):276–294.
5. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Scientific report of the 2015 dietary guidelines advisory committee. Washington DC: USDA and US Department of Health and Human Services;2015.
6. Lecerf JM, De Lorgeril M. Dietary cholesterol: from physiology to cardiovascular risk. Br J Nutr. 2011; 106(1):6–14.
7. Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Roberts S, Haskell W. Efficacy of aerobic exercise and a prudent diet for improving selected lipids and lipoproteins in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Med. 2011; 9(1):74.
8. Obarzanek E, Sacks FM, Vollmer WM, Bray GA, Miller ER, Lin PH. Effects on blood lipids of a blood pressure-lowering diet: the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001; 74(1):80–89.
9. Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, Naglak M, Jonnalagadda S, Kris-Etherton PM. Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69(4):632–646.
10. Ministry of Health and Welfare. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans 2015. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare;2015.
11. Shim YJ, Paik HY. Reanalysis of 2007 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007 KNHANES) results by CAN-Pro 3.0 nutrient database. Korean J Nutr. 2009; 42(6):577–595.
12. Rhee EJ, Ryu S, Lee JY, Lee SH, Cheong E, Park SE. The association between dietary cholesterol intake and subclinical atherosclerosis in Korean adults: The Kangbuk Samsung Health Study. J Clin Lipidol. 2017; 11(2):432–441.
13. Yun SH, Choi BY, Kim MK. The effect of seasoning on the distribution of nutrient intakes by a food-frequency questionnaire in a rural area. Korean J Nutr. 2009; 42(3):246–255.
14. National Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Food composition table. 8th revision. Suwon: National Institute of Agricultural Sciences;2011.
15. Baek YJ, Kweon S, Oh K. Development of fatty acid composition table and intakes of fatty acids in Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Public Health Wkly Rep. 2015; 8(4):75–81.
16. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Standard tables of food composition in Japan: 2015 (Seventh revised version) [internet]. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology;2015. cited 2016 May 30. Available from: http://www.MEXT.go.jp/.
17. United States Department of Agriculture. USDA Nationalnutrient database for standard reference 28 [internet]. United States Department of Agriculture;2015. cited 2016 May 30. Available from: http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/.
18. Clarke R, Frost C, Collins R, Appleby P, Peto R. Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol: quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies. BMJ. 1997; 314(7074):112–117.
19. Howell WH, McNamara DJ, Tosca MA, Smith BT, Gaines JA. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary fat and cholesterol: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997; 65(6):1747–1764.
20. Larsson SC, Virtamo J, Wolk A. Dietary fats and dietary cholesterol and risk of stroke in women. Atherosclerosis. 2012; 221(1):282–286.
21. Houston DK, Ding J, Lee JS, Garcia M, Kanaya AM, Tylavsky FA. Dietary fat and cholesterol and risk of cardiovascular disease in older adults: the Health ABC Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2011; 21(6):430–437.
22. Shin JY, Xun P, Nakamura Y, He K. Egg consumption in relation to risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013; 98(1):146–159.
23. Tanasescu M, Cho E, Manson JE, Hu FB. Dietary fat and cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular disease among women with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 79(6):999–1005.
24. Katan MB, Beynen AC. Characteristics of human hypo-and hyperresponders to dietary cholesterol. Am J Epidemiol. 1987; 125(3):387–399.
25. Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Spiegelman D, Meir S, Willett WC. Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men: cohort follow up study in the United States. BMJ. 1996; 313(7049):84–90.
26. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. National Health and Nutrition Survey results: Nutritional intake Status Survey [internet]. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare;2016. cited 2017 Jun 21. Available from: http://www.mhlw.go.jp/.
27. United States Department of Agriculture. What we eat in America, NHANES 2013–2014 [internet]. United States Department of Agriculture;2016. cited 2017 Jun 21. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/.
28. Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Shi P, Fahimi S, Lim S, Andrews KG. Global, regional, and national consumption levels of dietary fats and oils in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys. BMJ. 2014; 348:g2272.
29. Su C, Jia X, Wang Z, Wang H, Zhang B. Trends in dietary cholesterol intake among Chinese adults: a longitudinal study from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, 1991–2011. BMJ Open. 2015; 5(6):e007532.
30. Kim J, Kim YJ, Ahn YO, Paik HY, Ahn Y, Tokudome Y. Contribution of specific foods to fat, fatty acids, and cholesterol in the development of a food frequency questionnaire in Koreans. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2004; 13(3):265–272.
31. O'Neil CE, Keast DR, Fulgoni VL, Nicklas TA. Food sources of energy and nutrients among adults in the US: NHANES 2003–2006. Nutrients. 2012; 4(12):2097–2120.
Full Text Links
  • KJCN
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr