Hanyang Med Rev.  2016 Aug;36(3):192-202. 10.7599/hmr.2016.36.3.192.

Ocular Inflammation Associated with Systemic Infection

• Moon BG
• Lee JY

• KMID: 2350371
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.7599/hmr.2016.36.3.192

Abstract

Systemic infections that are caused by various types of pathogenic organisms can be spread to the eyes as well as to other solid organs. Bacteria, parasites, and viruses can invade the eyes via the bloodstream. Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of systemic infections, many patients still suffer from endogenous ocular infections; this is particularly due to an increase in the number of immunosuppressed patients such as those with human immunodeficiency virus infection, those who have had organ transplantations, and those being administered systemic chemotherapeutic and immunomodulating agents, which may increase the chance of ocular involvement. In this review, we clinically evaluated posterior segment manifestations in the eye caused by hematogenous penetration of systemic infections. We focused on the conditions that ophthalmologists encounter most often and that require cooperation with other medical specialists. Posterior segment manifestations and clinical characteristics of cytomegalovirus retinitis, endogenous endophthalmitis, toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis, and ocular syphilis are included in this brief review.

Keyword

Cytomegalovirus Retinitis; Endogenous Endophthalmitis; Ocular Syphilis; Ocular Toxocariasis; Ocular Toxoplasmosis

MeSH Terms

Bacteria
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
Diagnosis
Endophthalmitis
Eye Infections
HIV
Humans
Inflammation*
Organ Transplantation
Parasites
Specialization
Syphilis
Toxocariasis
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis, Ocular
Transplants

Figure

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  Fig. 1 Necrotizing retinitis of CMV retinitis. (A) mixed granular and hemorrhagic retinitis, (B) granular retinitis.

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  Fig. 2 Endogenous Klebsiella endophthalmitis. (A) anterior chamber hypopyon, (B) marked chorioretinitis and retinal hemorrhage with vitritis.

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  Fig. 3 Bilateral multiple chorioretinitis with minimal vitritis due to Candida albicans infection.

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  Fig. 4 Chorioretinal lesions of ocular toxoplasmosis. (A) active necrotizing retinochoroiditis with moderate vitritis, (B) healed active lesion with hyperpigmented scar of ocular toxoplasmosis.

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  Fig. 5 Retinal results of ocular toxocariasis. (A) peripheral granuloma and tractional membrane, (B) posterior pole granuloma.

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  Fig. 6 Posterior segment results of acute syphilitic uveitis. (A) fundus photo showing hyperemic disc and marked vitritis, (B) fluorescein angiography reveals severe retinal vasculitis and disc leakage.

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