Immune Netw.  2016 Aug;16(4):211-218. 10.4110/in.2016.16.4.211.

Regulation of IgE-Mediated Food Allergy by IL-9 Producing Mucosal Mast Cells and Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells

• Lee JB

• KMID: 2349882
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4110/in.2016.16.4.211

Abstract

Due to the increasing prevalence and number of life-threatening cases, food allergy has emerged as a major health concern. The classic immune response seen during food allergy is allergen-specific IgE sensitization and hypersensitivity reactions to foods occur in the effector phase with often severe and deleterious outcomes. Recent research has advanced understanding of the immunological mechanisms occurring during the effector phase of allergic reactions to ingested food. Therefore, this review will not only cover the mucosal immune system of the gastrointestinal tract and the immunological mechanisms underlying IgE-mediated food allergy, but will also introduce cells recently identified to have a role in the hypersensitivity reaction to food allergens. These include IL-9 producing mucosal mast cells (MMC9s) and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). The involvement of these cell types in potentiating the type 2 immune response and developing the anaphylactic response to food allergens will be discussed. In addition, it has become apparent that there is a collaboration between these cells that contributes to an individual's susceptibility to IgE-mediated food allergy.

Keyword

IgE-mediated food allergy; IL-9; IL-25; Mucosal mast cell; ILC2

MeSH Terms

Allergens
Cooperative Behavior
Food Hypersensitivity*
Gastrointestinal Tract
Hypersensitivity
Immune System
Immunoglobulin E
Interleukin-9*
Lymphocytes*
Mast Cells*
Prevalence
Allergens
Immunoglobulin E
Interleukin-9

Figure

• 

  Figure 1 Classical immune mechanism of IgE-mediated food allergy. Naïve CD4 T cells differentiate into Th2 cells by food proteins and produce type-2 cytokines like IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-9. These type-2 cytokines promote B cells differentiation into IgE-producing plasma cells. Food allergen-specific IgE is distributed systemically and binds to the FcεR on mast cells. After sensitization, cross-linking of re-exposed food allergens to allergen-specific IgE that binds to FcεR on mast cells induces degranulation of mast cells and release of several kinds of mediators.

• 

  Figure 2 Potential immune mechanism of IgE-mediated food allergy by collaboration of MMC9, ILC2 and CD4+Th2. Intestinal epithelium produces IL-25 by ingested food proteins. With differentiated Th2 cells, ILC2s produce IL-5 and IL-13 in response to IL-25 and induce eosinophilia and goblet cell hyperplasia. With differentiated Th2 cells, MCP develop into MMC9. IL-9 production by MMC9 drives MMC9 maturation into MMC. Addition to classical IgE-mediated food allergy mechanism, new cytokines like IL-25 and IL-9 and new cells like ILC2 and MMC9 mediate to initiate food allergic response and to govern susceptibility to IgE-mediated food allergy.

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