1. Light RW. Update on tuberculous pleural effusion. Respirology. 2010; 15:451–458.
2. Baumann MH, Nolan R, Petrini M, Lee YC, Light RW, Schneider E. Pleural tuberculosis in the United States: incidence and drug resistance. Chest. 2007; 131:1125–1132.
3. Seiscento M, Vargas FS, Rujula MJ, Bombarda S, Uip DE, Galesi VM. Epidemiological aspects of pleural tuberculosis in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil (1998-2005). J Bras Pneumol. 2009; 35:548–554.
4. Saks AM, Posner R. Tuberculosis in HIV positive patients in South Africa: a comparative radiological study with HIV negative patients. Clin Radiol. 1992; 46:387–390.
5. Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. Annual report on the notified tuberculosis patients in Korea 2012. Cheongwon: Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention;2013.
6. Pozniak AL, MacLeod GA, Ndlovu D, Ross E, Mahari M, Weinberg J. Clinical and chest radiographic features of tuberculosis associated with human immunodeficiency virus in Zimbabwe. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 152(5 Pt 1):1558–1561.
7. Queipo JA, Broseta E, Santos M, Sanchez-Plumed J, Budia A, Jimenez-Cruz F. Mycobacterial infection in a series of 1261 renal transplant recipients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003; 9:518–525.
8. Light RW. Pleural diseases. 5th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins;2007.
9. Stead WW, Eichenholz A, Stauss HK. Operative and pathologic findings in twenty-four patients with syndrome of idiopathic pleurisy with effusion, presumably tuberculous. Am Rev Tuberc. 1955; 71:473–502.
10. Porcel JM. Tuberculous pleural effusion. Lung. 2009; 187:263–270.
11. Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. Annual report on the notified tuberculosis patients in Korea 2011. Cheongwon: Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention;2012.
12. Gopi A, Madhavan SM, Sharma SK, Sahn SA. Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous pleural effusion in 2006. Chest. 2007; 131:880–889.
13. Levine H, Szanto PB, Cugell DW. Tuberculous pleurisy. An acute illness. Arch Intern Med. 1968; 122:329–332.
14. Bielsa S, Palma R, Pardina M, Esquerda A, Light RW, Porcel JM. Comparison of polymorphonuclear- and lymphocyterich tuberculous pleural effusions. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013; 17:85–89.
15. Seibert AF, Haynes J Jr, Middleton R, Bass JB Jr. Tuberculous pleural effusion: twenty-year experience. Chest. 1991; 99:883–886.
16. Valdes L, Alvarez D, San Jose E, Penela P, Valle JM, Garcia-Pazos JM, et al. Tuberculous pleurisy: a study of 254 patients. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 158:2017–2021.
17. Kim HJ, Lee HJ, Kwon SY, Yoon HI, Chung HS, Lee CT, et al. The prevalence of pulmonary parenchymal tuberculosis in patients with tuberculous pleuritis. Chest. 2006; 129:1253–1258.
18. Udwadia ZF, Sen T. Pleural tuberculosis: an update. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2010; 16:399–406.
19. Conde MB, Loivos AC, Rezende VM, Soares SL, Mello FC, Reingold AL, et al. Yield of sputum induction in the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003; 167:723–725.
20. Maartens G, Bateman ED. Tuberculous pleural effusions: increased culture yield with bedside inoculation of pleural fluid and poor diagnostic value of adenosine deaminase. Thorax. 1991; 46:96–99.
21. von Groote-Bidlingmaier F, Koegelenberg CF, Bolliger CT, Chung PK, Rautenbach C, Wasserman E, et al. The yield of different pleural fluid volumes for Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture. Thorax. 2013; 68:290–291.
22. Ruan SY, Chuang YC, Wang JY, Lin JW, Chien JY, Huang CT, et al. Revisiting tuberculous pleurisy: pleural fluid characteristics and diagnostic yield of mycobacterial culture in an endemic area. Thorax. 2012; 67:822–827.
23. Tovar M, Siedner MJ, Gilman RH, Santillan C, Caviedes L, Valencia T, et al. Improved diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis using the microscopic- observation drug-susceptibility technique. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 46:909–912.
24. Diacon AH, Van de Wal BW, Wyser C, Smedema JP, Bezuidenhout J, Bolliger CT, et al. Diagnostic tools in tuberculous pleurisy: a direct comparative study. Eur Respir J. 2003; 22:589–591.
25. Dinnes J, Deeks J, Kunst H, Gibson A, Cummins E, Waugh N, et al. A systematic review of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of tuberculosis infection. Health Technol Assess. 2007; 11:1–196.
26. Pai M, Flores LL, Hubbard A, Riley LW, Colford JM Jr. Nucleic acid amplification tests in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2004; 4:6.
27. Porcel JM. Pleural fluid biomarkers: beyond the Light criteria. Clin Chest Med. 2013; 34:27–37.
28. Boehme CC, Nabeta P, Hillemann D, Nicol MP, Shenai S, Krapp F, et al. Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363:1005–1015.
29. Tortoli E, Russo C, Piersimoni C, Mazzola E, Dal Monte P, Pascarella M, et al. Clinical validation of Xpert MTB/RIF for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 2012; 40:442–447.
30. Porcel JM, Palma R, Valdes L, Bielsa S, San-Jose E, Esquerda A. Xpert(R) MTB/RIF in pleural fluid for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013; 17:1217–1219.
31. Friedrich SO, von Groote-Bidlingmaier F, Diacon AH. Xpert MTB/RIF assay for diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2011; 49:4341–4342.
32. Christopher DJ, Schumacher SG, Michael JS, Luo R, Balamugesh T, Duraikannan P, et al. Performance of Xpert MTB/RIF on pleural tissue for the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 2013; 42:1427–1429.
33. Piras MA, Gakis C, Budroni M, Andreoni G. Adenosine deaminase activity in pleural effusions: an aid to differential diagnosis. Br Med J. 1978; 2:1751–1752.
34. Liang QL, Shi HZ, Wang K, Qin SM, Qin XJ. Diagnostic accuracy of adenosine deaminase in tuberculous pleurisy: a meta-analysis. Respir Med. 2008; 102:744–754.
35. Greco S, Girardi E, Masciangelo R, Capoccetta GB, Saltini C. Adenosine deaminase and interferon gamma measurements for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy: a meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003; 7:777–786.
36. Goto M, Noguchi Y, Koyama H, Hira K, Shimbo T, Fukui T. Diagnostic value of adenosine deaminase in tuberculous pleural effusion: a meta-analysis. Ann Clin Biochem. 2003; 40(Pt 4):374–381.
37. Morisson P, Neves DD. Evaluation of adenosine deaminase in the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis: a Brazilian meta-analysis. J Bras Pneumol. 2008; 34:217–224.
38. Krenke R, Korczynski P. Use of pleural fluid levels of adenosine deaminase and interferon gamma in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2010; 16:367–375.
39. Valdes L, Pose A, San Jose E, Martinez Vazquez JM. Tuberculous pleural effusions. Eur J Intern Med. 2003; 14:77–88.
40. Baba K, Hoosen AA, Langeland N, Dyrhol-Riise AM. Adenosine deaminase activity is a sensitive marker for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis in patients with very low CD4 counts. PLoS One. 2008; 3:e2788.
41. Chung JH, Kim YS, Kim SI, Park K, Park MS, Kim YS, et al. The diagnostic value of the adenosine deaminase activity in the pleural fluid of renal transplant patients with tuberculous pleural effusion. Yonsei Med J. 2004; 45:661–664.
42. Valdes L, San Jose E, Alvarez D, Valle JM. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) isoenzyme analysis in pleural effusions: diagnostic role, and relevance to the origin of increased ADA in tuberculous pleurisy. Eur Respir J. 1996; 9:747–751.
43. Perez-Rodriguez E, Perez Walton IJ, Sanchez Hernandez JJ, Pallares E, Rubi J, Jimenez Castro D, et al. ADA1/ADAp ratio in pleural tuberculosis: an excellent diagnostic parameter in pleural fluid. Respir Med. 1999; 93:816–821.
44. Jiang J, Shi HZ, Liang QL, Qin SM, Qin XJ. Diagnostic value of interferon-gamma in tuberculous pleurisy: a metaanalysis. Chest. 2007; 131:1133–1141.
45. Villena V, Lopez-Encuentra A, Pozo F, Echave-Sustaeta J, Ortuno-de-Solo B, Estenoz-Alfaro J, et al. Interferon gamma levels in pleural fluid for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Am J Med. 2003; 115:365–370.
46. Dheda K, van Zyl-Smit RN, Sechi LA, Badri M, Meldau R, Meldau S, et al. Utility of quantitative T-cell responses versus unstimulated interferon-{gamma} for the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 2009; 34:1118–1126.
47. Kang JY, Rhee CK, Kang NH, Kim JS, Yoon HK, Song JS. Clinical utility of two interferon-gamma release assays on pleural fluid for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy. Tuberc Respir Dis. 2012; 73:143–150.
48. Zhou Q, Chen YQ, Qin SM, Tao XN, Xin JB, Shi HZ. Diagnostic accuracy of T-cell interferon-gamma release assays in tuberculous pleurisy: a meta-analysis. Respirology. 2011; 16:473–480.
49. Trajman A, Pai M, Dheda K, van Zyl Smit R, Zwerling AA, Joshi R, et al. Novel tests for diagnosing tuberculous pleural effusion: what works and what does not? Eur Respir J. 2008; 31:1098–1106.
50. Porcel JM, Aleman C, Bielsa S, Sarrapio J, Fernandez de Sevilla T, Esquerda A. A decision tree for differentiating tuberculous from malignant pleural effusions. Respir Med. 2008; 102:1159–1164.
51. Burgess LJ, Maritz FJ, Le Roux I, Taljaard JJ. Combined use of pleural adenosine deaminase with lymphocyte/neutrophil ratio. Increased specificity for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis. Chest. 1996; 109:414–419.
52. Villegas MV, Labrada LA, Saravia NG. Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction, adenosine deaminase, and interferon-gamma in pleural fluid for the differential diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis. Chest. 2000; 118:1355–1364.
53. Neves DD, Dias RM, Cunha AJ. Predictive model for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion. Braz J Infect Dis. 2007; 11:83–88.
54. Patiala J. Initial tuberculous pleuritis in the Finnish armed forces in 1939-1945 with special reference to eventual postpleuritic tuberculosis. Acta Tuberc Scand Suppl. 1954; 36:1–57.
55. Roper WH, Waring JJ. Primary serofibrinous pleural effusion in military personnel. Am Rev Tuberc. 1955; 71:616–634.
56. Canete C, Galarza I, Granados A, Farrero E, Estopa R, Manresa F. Tuberculous pleural effusion: experience with six months of treatment with isoniazid and rifampicin. Thorax. 1994; 49:1160–1161.
57. Dutt AK, Moers D, Stead WW. Tuberculous pleural effusion: 6-month therapy with isoniazid and rifampin. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992; 145:1429–1432.
58. Tani P, Poppius H, Maekipaja J. Cortisone therapy for exudative tuberculous pleurisy in the light of a follow-up study. Acta Tuberc Pneumol Scand. 1964; 44:303–309.
59. Jeon K, Choi WI, An JS, Lim SY, Kim WJ, Park GM, et al. Paradoxical response in HIV-negative patients with pleural tuberculosis: a retrospective multicentre study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012; 16:846–851.
60. Barbas CS, Cukier A, de Varvalho CR, Barbas Filho JV, Light RW. The relationship between pleural fluid findings and the development of pleural thickening in patients with pleural tuberculosis. Chest. 1991; 100:1264–1267.
61. Han DH, Song JW, Chung HS, Lee JH. Resolution of residual pleural disease according to time course in tuberculous pleurisy during and after the termination of antituberculosis medication. Chest. 2005; 128:3240–3245.
62. Candela A, Andujar J, Hernandez L, Martin C, Barroso E, Arriero JM, et al. Functional sequelae of tuberculous pleurisy in patients correctly treated. Chest. 2003; 123:1996–2000.
63. Lai YF, Chao TY, Wang YH, Lin AS. Pigtail drainage in the treatment of tuberculous pleural effusions: a randomised study. Thorax. 2003; 58:149–151.
64. Engel ME, Matchaba PT, Volmink J. Corticosteroids for tuberculous pleurisy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; (4):CD001876.
65. Kwak SM, Park CS, Cho JH, Ryu JS, Kim SK, Chang J, et al. The effects of urokinase instillation therapy via percutaneous transthoracic catheter in loculated tuberculous pleural effusion: a randomized prospective study. Yonsei Med J. 2004; 45:822–828.
66. Cases Viedma E, Lorenzo Dus MJ, Gonzalez-Molina A, Sanchis Aldas JL. A study of loculated tuberculous pleural effusions treated with intrapleural urokinase. Respir Med. 2006; 100:2037–2042.
67. Wyser C, Walzl G, Smedema JP, Swart F, van Schalkwyk EM, van de Wal BW. Corticosteroids in the treatment of tuberculous pleurisy. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Chest. 1996; 110:333–338.
68. Galarza I, Canete C, Granados A, Estopa R, Manresa F. Randomised trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of tuberculous pleurisy. Thorax. 1995; 50:1305–1307.
69. Lee CH, Wang WJ, Lan RS, Tsai YH, Chiang YC. Corticosteroids in the treatment of tuberculous pleurisy. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Chest. 1988; 94:1256–1259.