Tuberc Respir Dis.  2010 Sep;69(3):153-162.

Smoking Cessation

• Kim YH
• Lee SH

Abstract

Smoking is the most important risk factor of many pulmonary diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer, cardiovascular disorders and other malignancies. Therefore, smoking cessation is a practical way to prevent and treat smoking-related diseases. Also, the clinicians who care the patients with smoking-related disease should pay attention to it. This article reviews briefly recent publications focused on the influence of smoking cessation in some smoking-related diseases and strategies to improve smoking cessation such as pharmacotherapy or systemic behavioral approach programs. In addition, it reviews personalized therapy based on gene typing for smoking cessation.

Keyword

Smoking Cessation; Prevention and control; Drug therapy

MeSH Terms

Humans
Lung Diseases
Lung Neoplasms
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
Risk Factors
Smoke
Smoking
Smoking Cessation
Smoke

Reference

1. Parsons A, Daley A, Begh R, Aveyard P. Influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung cancer on prognosis: systematic review of observational studies with meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010. 340:b5569.

2. Peto R, Lopez AD, Boreham J, Thun M, Heath C Jr. Mortality from smoking in developed countries, 1950-2000: indirect estimates from national vital statistics. 1994. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

3. Alberg AJ, Samet JM. Epidemiology of lung cancer. Chest. 2003. 123:Suppl 1. 21S–49S.

4. Gerber Y, Rosen LJ, Goldbourt U, Benyamini Y, Drory Y. Israel Study Group on First Acute Myocardial Infarction. Smoking status and long-term survival after first acute myocardial infarction a population-based cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009. 54:2382–2387.

5. Wilson K, Gibson N, Willan A, Cook D. Effect of smoking cessation on mortality after myocardial infarction: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Arch Intern Med. 2000. 160:939–944.

6. Critchley JA, Capewell S. Mortality risk reduction associated with smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: a systematic review. JAMA. 2003. 290:86–97.

7. Burling TA, Singleton EG, Bigelow GE, Baile WF, Gottlieb SH. Smoking following myocardial infarction: a critical review of the literature. Health Psychol. 1984. 3:83–96.

8. Lindström D, Sadr Azodi O, Wladis A, Tønnesen H, Linder S, Nåsell H, et al. Effects of a perioperative smoking cessation intervention on postoperative complications: a randomized trial. Ann Surg. 2008. 248:739–745.

9. Sorensen LT, Karlsmark T, Gottrup F. Abstinence from smoking reduces incisional wound infection: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2003. 238:1–5.

10. Møller AM, Villebro N, Pedersen T, Tønnesen H. Effect of preoperative smoking intervention on postoperative complications: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2002. 359:114–117.

11. Salize HJ, Merkel S, Reinhard I, Twardella D, Mann K, Brenner H. Cost-effective primary care-based strategies to improve smoking cessation: more value for money. Arch Intern Med. 2009. 169:230–235.

12. Myung SK, McDonnell DD, Kazinets G, Seo HG, Moskowitz JM. Effects of web- and computer-based smoking cessation programs: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2009. 169:929–937.

13. Linder JA, Rigotti NA, Schneider LI, Kelley JH, Brawarsky P, Haas JS. An electronic health record-based intervention to improve tobacco treatment in primary care: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2009. 169:781–787.

14. Shea S, DuMouchel W, Bahamonde L. A meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials to evaluate computer-based clinical reminder systems for preventive care in the ambulatory setting. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1996. 3:399–409.

15. Kawamoto K, Houlihan CA, Balas EA, Lobach DF. Improving clinical practice using clinical decision support systems: a systematic review of trials to identify features critical to success. BMJ. 2005. 330:765.

16. Parkes G, Greenhalgh T, Griffin M, Dent R. Effect on smoking quit rate of telling patients their lung age: the Step2quit randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2008. 336:598–600.

17. Van Schayck CP, Loozen JM, Wagena E, Akkermans RP, Wesseling GJ. Detecting patients at a high risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in general practice: cross sectional case finding study. BMJ. 2002. 324:1370.

18. Soriano JB, Maier WC, Egger P, Visick G, Thakrar B, Sykes J, et al. Recent trends in physician diagnosed COPD in women and men in the UK. Thorax. 2000. 55:789–794.

19. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. National clinical guideline on management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary care. Thorax. 2004. 59:Suppl 1. 1–232.

20. Morris JF, Temple W. Spirometric "lung age" estimation for motivating smoking cessation. Prev Med. 1985. 14:655–662.

21. Volpp KG, Troxel AB, Pauly MV, Glick HA, Puig A, Asch DA, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of financial incentives for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med. 2009. 360:699–709.

22. Moore D, Aveyard P, Connock M, Wang D, Fry-Smith A, Barton P. Effectiveness and safety of nicotine replacement therapy assisted reduction to stop smoking: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2009. 338:b1024.

23. Smoking-related behaviour and attitudes, 2008/09. [Internet]. The Office for National Statistics (UK). c2009. cited 2010 May 20. London: The Office for National Statistics (UK);Available from:http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_health/Smoking2008-9.pdf.

24. Taylor T, Lader D, Bryant A, Keyse L, Joloza MT. Smoking-related behaviour and attitudes, 2005. 2006. London: The Office for National Statistics (UK).

25. Smith SS, McCarthy DE, Japuntich SJ, Christiansen B, Piper ME, Jorenby DE, et al. Comparative effectiveness of 5 smoking cessation pharmacotherapies in primary care clinics. Arch Intern Med. 2009. 169:2148–2155.

26. Fiore MC, Jaen CR, Baker TB. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. 2008. Rockville: US Dept of Health and Human Services, US Public Health Service.

27. Eisenberg MJ, Filion KB, Yavin D, Bélisle P, Mottillo S, Joseph L, et al. Pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ. 2008. 179:135–144.

28. Gonzales D, Rennard SI, Nides M, Oncken C, Azoulay S, Billing CB, et al. Varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006. 296:47–55.

29. Jorenby DE, Hays JT, Rigotti NA, Azoulay S, Watsky EJ, Williams KE, et al. Efficacy of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006. 296:56–63.

30. Nides M, Oncken C, Gonzales D, Rennard S, Watsky EJ, Anziano R, et al. Smoking cessation with varenicline, a selective alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist: results from a 7-week, randomized, placebo- and bupropion-controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2006. 166:1561–1568.

31. Oncken C, Gonzales D, Nides M, Rennard S, Watsky E, Billing CB, et al. Efficacy and safety of the novel selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, varenicline, for smoking cessation. Arch Intern Med. 2006. 166:1571–1577.

32. Smith PM, Burgess E. Smoking cessation initiated during hospital stay for patients with coronary artery disease: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2009. 180:1297–1303.

33. Van Spall HG, Chong A, Tu JV. Inpatient smoking-cessation counseling and all-cause mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2007. 154:213–220.

34. Critchley J, Capewell S. Smoking cessation for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004. (1):CD003041.

35. van Domburg RT, Meeter K, van Berkel DF, Veldkamp RF, van Herwerden LA, Bogers AJ. Smoking cessation reduces mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery: a 20-year follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000. 36:878–883.

36. Ellerbeck EF, Mahnken JD, Cupertino AP, Cox LS, Greiner KA, Mussulman LM, et al. Effect of varying levels of disease management on smoking cessation: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009. 150:437–446.

37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Physician and other health-care professional counseling of smokers to quit--United States, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1993. 42:854–857.

38. Lopez-Quintero C, Crum RM, Neumark YD. Racial/ethnic disparities in report of physician-provided smoking cessation advice: analysis of the 2000 National Health Interview Survey. Am J Public Health. 2006. 96:2235–2239.

39. Ellerbeck EF, Ahluwalia JS, Jolicoeur DG, Gladden J, Mosier MC. Direct observation of smoking cessation activities in primary care practice. J Fam Pract. 2001. 50:688–693.

40. Ho MK, Mwenifumbo JC, Al Koudsi N, Okuyemi KS, Ahluwalia JS, Benowitz NL, et al. Association of nicotine metabolite ratio and CYP2A6 genotype with smoking cessation treatment in African-American light smokers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009. 85:635–643.

41. Benowitz NL, Jacob P 3rd. Metabolism of nicotine to cotinine studied by a dual stable isotope method. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1994. 56:483–493.

42. Messina ES, Tyndale RF, Sellers EM. A major role for CYP2A6 in nicotine C-oxidation by human liver microsomes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997. 282:1608–1614.

43. Nakajima M, Yamamoto T, Nunoya K, Yokoi T, Nagashima K, Inoue K, et al. Characterization of CYP2A6 involved in 3'-hydroxylation of cotinine in human liver microsomes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996. 277:1010–1015.

44. Dempsey D, Tutka P, Jacob P 3rd, Allen F, Schoedel K, Tyndale RF, et al. Nicotine metabolite ratio as an index of cytochrome P450 2A6 metabolic activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004. 76:64–72.

45. Benowitz NL, Swan GE, Jacob P 3rd, Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Tyndale RF. CYP2A6 genotype and the metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006. 80:457–467.

46. Rao Y, Hoffmann E, Zia M, Bodin L, Zeman M, Sellers EM, et al. Duplications and defects in the CYP2A6 gene: identification, genotyping, and in vivo effects on smoking. Mol Pharmacol. 2000. 58:747–755.

47. Mwenifumbo JC, Al Koudsi N, Ho MK, Zhou Q, Hoffmann EB, Sellers EM, et al. Novel and established CYP2A6 alleles impair in vivo nicotine metabolism in a population of Black African descent. Hum Mutat. 2008. 29:679–688.

48. Schoedel KA, Hoffmann EB, Rao Y, Sellers EM, Tyndale RF. Ethnic variation in CYP2A6 and association of genetically slow nicotine metabolism and smoking in adult Caucasians. Pharmacogenetics. 2004. 14:615–626.

49. Strasser AA, Malaiyandi V, Hoffmann E, Tyndale RF, Lerman C. An association of CYP2A6 genotype and smoking topography. Nicotine Tob Res. 2007. 9:511–518.

50. Kubota T, Nakajima-Taniguchi C, Fukuda T, Funamoto M, Maeda M, Tange E, et al. CYP2A6 polymorphisms are associated with nicotine dependence and influence withdrawal symptoms in smoking cessation. Pharmacogenomics J. 2006. 6:115–119.

51. Patterson F, Schnoll RA, Wileyto EP, Pinto A, Epstein LH, Shields PG, et al. Toward personalized therapy for smoking cessation: a randomized placebo-controlled trial of bupropion. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008. 84:320–325.