Korean J Health Promot.  2014 Mar;14(1):9-16. 10.15384/kjhp.2014.14.1.9.

Factors Associated with Self-Reported Depression, Diagnosis, and Treatment among Korean Adults

• Lee H
• Cho KS
• Yoon J
• Park HS

• KMID: 2305046
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.15384/kjhp.2014.14.1.9

Abstract

BACKGROUND
We compared factors associated with self-reported depression and, in particular, diagnosis and treatment of depressive symptoms in Korean adults.
METHODS
The sample included 13,306 adults aged 19 years or older from the 2010 and 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V). Data were applied to the chi2 test and multivariate logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
The following characteristics of individuals are significantly associated with self-reported depression: female (vs. male, OR [odds ratio]=3.35), ages 50-59 years (vs. 60+, OR=1.45), economic status (low vs. high, OR=1.35; middle-low vs. high OR=1.29), unemployed (vs. employed, OR=1.23), education (elementary vs. college, OR=1.18; middle school vs. college, OR=1.27; vs. high school vs. college, OR=1.18), current smoking (vs. no, OR=1.19), high-risk alcohol consumption (vs. no, OR=1.18), perceived health (good vs. very good/excellent, OR=1.156; poor/fair vs. very good/excellent, OR=2.65), chronic disease (vs. no, OR=1.26), activity limitation due to health problems (vs. no, OR=1.74), and being in a sickbed during the past month (vs. not in a sickbed, OR=1.69). Living in a metropolitan area (vs. rural, OR=1.40) is significantly associated with greater odds of being diagnosed with depression. The odds of being treated for depression are lower for female (vs. male, OR=0.53). Greater odds of being treated for depression was seen for those with chronic conditions (vs. no, OR=1.73) and activity limitation due to health problems (vs. no, OR=2.05), as well as, those in a sickbed (vs. not, OR=1.88).
CONCLUSIONS
Applying our findings, policy makers should address the lower rates of depression diagnosed in non-metropolitan areas to reduce regional variations, and also promote treatment in females.

Keyword

Depression; Diagnosis; Treatment

MeSH Terms

Administrative Personnel
Adult*
Alcohol Drinking
Chronic Disease
Depression*
Diagnosis*
Education
Female
Humans
Korea
Logistic Models
Male
Nutrition Surveys
Smoke
Smoking
Smoke

Reference

References

1. World Health organization. Public health action for the prevention of suicide: a framework. Geneva: WHO;2012. [Accessed December 10, 2013].http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75166/1/9789241503570_eng.pdf.

2. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011 Korean national health and nutrition examination survey. Cheongwon: KCDC;2012. https://knhanes.cdc.go.kr/knhanes/index.do.

3. Ministry of Health and Welfare. 2011 The epidemiological survey of mental disorders in Korea. Seoul: Ministry of Health and Welfare, Seoul National University;2011. http://welfare24.tistory. com/95.

4. Kim JM, Lee JA. Depression and health status in the elderly. J Korean Gerontological Society. 2010; 30(4):1311–27.

5. Chiang HH, Livneh H, Yen ML, Li TC, Tsai TY. Prevalence and correlates of depression among chronic kidney disease patients in Taiwan. BMC Nephrol. 2013; 14:78.

6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mental illness surveillance among adults in the United States. MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2011; 60(3):1–31. [Accessed December 10, 2013].http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6003a1htm?s_cid=su6003a1_w.

7. Kim YJ. Comparison of health habits, perceived stress, depression, and suicidal thinking by gender between elders living alone and those living with others. J Korean Acad Fundam Nurs. 2009; 16(3):333–44.

8. Grammatikopoulos L, Koutentakis C. Social activity and participation as determinants of anxiety and depression among elderly in primary care. Annals of General Psychiatry. 2010; 9(Suppl 1):S137.

9. Al-Nsour M, Zindah M, Belbeisi A, Rolle IV, Walke H, Strine T, et al. Frequent mental distress, chronic conditions, and adverse health behaviors in the behavioral risk factor surveillance survey, Jordan, 2007. Prev Chronic Dis. 2013; 10:130030.

10. Kim RB, Park KS, Lee JH, Kim BJ, Chun JH. Factors related to depression symptom and the influence of depression symptom on self-rated health status, outpatient health service utilization and quality of life. Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion. 2011; 28(1):81–92.

11. Yoon J, Bernell SL. The role of adverse physical health events on the utilization of mental health services. Health Serv Res. 2013; 48(1):175–94.

12. Wells KB, Sherbourne CD. Functioning and utility for current health of patients with depression or chronic medical conditions in managed, primary care practices. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999; 56(10):897–904.

13. Hirschfeld RA, Montgomery SA, Keller MB, Kasper S, Schatzberg AF, Möller HJ, et al. Social functioning in depression: a review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000; 61(4):268–75.

14. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Linzer M, Hahn SR, Williams JW, deGruy III FV, et al. Health-related quality of life in primary care patients with mental disorders: results from the PRIME-MD 1000 study. JAMA. 1995; 274(19):1511–7.

15. Wells KB, Stewart A, Hays RD, Burnam MA, Rogers W, Daniels M, et al. The functioning and wellbeing of depressed patients: results from the medical outcomes study. JAMA. 1989; 262(7):914–9.

16. Ministry of Health and Welfare. 2001 The Epidemiological survey of mental disorders in Korea. Seoul: Ministry of Health and Welfare, Seoul National Hospital;2002. http://stat.mw.go.kr/front/statData/publicationView.jsp?menuId=47&bbsSeq=13&nttSeq=235&searchKey=&searchWord=&nPage=13.

17. Regier DA, Narrow WE, Rae DS, Manderscheid RW, Locke BZ, Goodwin FK. The de facto US mental and addictive disorders service system: epidemiologic catchment area prospective 1-year prevalence rates of disorders and services. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993; 50(2):85–94.

18. Kessler RC, Zhao S, Katz SJ, Kouzis AC, Frank RG, Edlund M, et al. Past-year use of outpatient services for psychiatric problems in the national comorbidity survey. Am J Psychiatry. 1999; 156(1):115–23.

19. Narrow WE, Regier DA, Rae DS, Manderscheid RW, Locke BZ. Use of services by persons with mental and addictive disorders: findings from the national institute of mental health epidemiologic catchment area program. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993; 50(2):95–107.

20. USDHHS. Mental Health: a report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC:United States Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of the Surgeon General;1999. [Accessed December 10, 2013].http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/home.html.

21. Olfson M, Marcus SC, Tedeschi M, Wan GJ. Continuity of antidepressant treatment for adults with depression in the United States. Am J Psychiatry. 2006; 163(1):101–8.

22. Lee KU, Kim W, Min KJ, Shin YC, Chung SK, Bahk WM. The rate and risk factors of early discontinuation of antidepressant treatment in patients with major depressive disorder. Korean J Psychopharmacol. 2006; 17(6):550–6.

23. Chung JW, YL Oh, Chea HL, Yoon SM, Choi JH, Whang DS. Mental health resources in Korea. Seoul: Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs;2012. https://www.kihasa.re.kr/html/jsp/publication/policy/list. jsp?key=title&ryear_value=2014&query=%C1%A4% BD%C5.

24. Zuckerbrot RA, Jensen PS. Improving recognition of adolescent depression in primary care. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006; 160(7):694–704.

25. Cepoiu M, McCusker J, Cole MG, Sewitch M, Belzile E, Ciampi A. Recognition of depression by non-psychiatric physicians-a systematic literature review and metaanalysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2008; 23(1):25–36.

26. World Health Organization. Mental Health Atlas 2011. Geneva: WHO;2011. [Accessed December 10, 2013].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9799241564359_eng.pdf.