Korean J Adult Nurs.  2013 Dec;25(6):712-724.

Effects of Walking Program based on Social Cognitive Theory for Office Workers

• Choi HY
• Yang SJ

Abstract

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a walking program for office workers in terms of social cognitive theory, walking activities and physiological indexes.
METHODS
A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. The sample consisted of 50 office workers who were identified as having low levels of physical activity according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ Research Committee, 2005). The participants were recruited from two companies in Seoul. Of the 50 participants, 26 were assigned to the non-equivalent experimental group and 24 to the control group. The walking program consisted of six didactic sessions via e-mail, two individual telecoaching sessions and three support group meetings over ten weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 program.
RESULTS
The non-equivalent experimental group reported significantly higher posttest scores in walking activities and adhering to the walking protocol than the control group. There were no differences in reported self-efficacy, outcome expectations, body mass index and blood pressure between the two groups.
CONCLUSION
These findings indicate that a walking program based on social cognitive theory is effective in increasing physical activities for office workers.

MeSH Terms

Blood Pressure
Body Mass Index
Electronic Mail
Motor Activity
Self-Help Groups
Seoul
Walking*
Surveys and Questionnaires

Reference

Abraham C.., Graham-Rowe E.2009. Are worksite interventions effective in increasing physical activity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review. 3:108–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17437190903151096.

Ai X.., Amoah A.., Candeias V.., Cooper J.., Willi G. C.., Daniel R., et al. 2008. Preventing noncommunicable diseases in the workplace through diet and physical activity. Retrieved May 18, 2012, from World Health Organization, WHO/World Economic Forum Report of a Joint Event Web site:. http://libdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241596329_eng.pdf.

Amaya M.., Petosa R. L.2012. An evaluation of a worksite exercise intervention using social cognitive theory: A pilot study. Health Education Journal. 7:133–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0017896911409731.

American College of Sports Medicine. 2006. ACMS's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 7th ed.Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Anderson E. S.., Winett R. A.., Wojcik J. R.., Williams D. M.2010. Social-cognitive mediators of change in a group randomized nutrition and physical activity intervention: Social support, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and self-regulation in the guide-to-health trial. Journal of Health Psychology. 15:21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105309342297.

Bandura A.1997. Self-efficacy: The excercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (2002). PAR-Q and You. Retrieved November 18, 2010, from the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology Web site:. http://www.csep.ca/cmfiles/publications/parq/par-q.pdf.

Chobanian A. V.., Bakris G. L.., Black H. R.., Cushman W. C.., Green L. A.., Izzo J. L., et al. 2003. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 42:1206–1252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2.

Choi J. I.., Kim H. S.2008. Research for health-life habits of the frequency of exercise in workers. Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies. 34:595–605.

Dinger M. K.., Heesch K. C.., Cipriani G.., Qualls M.2007. Comparison of two email-delivered, pedometer-based interventions to promote walking among insufficiently active women. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sports. 10:297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.07.011.

Faul F.., Erdfelder E.., Lang A. G.., Buchner A.2007. G∗ Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavior, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods. 39:175–191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146.

Gilson N.., McKenna J.., Cook C.., Brown W.2007. Walking towards health in a university community: A feasibility study. Preventive Medicine. 44:167–169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.09.012.

Go Y. A.., Baek H. C.., Hwang I. Y.2007. Effects of community-based group walking exercise program. Journal of Korean Academy of Public Health Nursing. 21:5–14.

Hallam J. S.., Petosa R.2004. The long-term impact of a four-session work-site intervention on selected social cognitive theory variables linked to adult exercise adherence. Health Education & Behavior. 31:88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198103259164.

Haskell W. L.., Lee I. M.., Pate R. R.., Powell K. E.., Blair S. N.., Franklin B. A., et al. 2007. Physical activity and public health: Updated recommendation for adults from the American college of sports medicine and the American heart association. Circulation. 116:1081–1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185649.

Hyoung H. K.., Moon I. O.., Jeong Y. S.2008. The effect of an exercise program on middle-aged and aged women in rural areas. Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing. 19:545–553.

International Physical Activity Questionnaire Research Committee. 2005. Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ)-short and long forms. Retrieved November 18, 2010, from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Web site:. http://www.ipaq.ki.se/scoring.pdf.

Jeffery R. W.., Sherwood N. E.., Brelje K.., Pronk N. P.., Boyle R.., Boucher J. L., et al. 2003. Mail and phone interventions for weight loss in a managed-care setting: Weigh-To-Be one-year outcomes. International Journal of Obesity. 27:1584–1592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802473.

Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010. 2008 Korea national health and nutrition evaluation statistics, Decks-year Two. Retrieved July 8, 2011, from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site:. http://knhanes.cdc.go.kr/knhanes/index.do.

Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. 2009 Korea national health and nutrition evaluation statistics, Decks-year three. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site:. http://knhanes.cdc.go.kr/knhanes/index.do.

Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency. 2011. 2010 Occupational injuries and illnesses statistics: Occupational illness. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency Web site:. http://www.kosha.or.kr/board.do?menuId=555.

Lee I. M.., Buchner D. M.2008. The importance of walking to public health. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 40:S512–S518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c65d0.

Lee L. L.., Watson M. C.., Mulvaney C. A.., Tsai C. C.., Lo S. F.2010. The effect of walking intervention on blood pressure control: A systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 47:1545–1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.08.008.

Resnick B.., Zimmerman S. I.., Orwig D.., Furstenberg A. L.., Magaziner J.2000. Outcome expectations for exercise scale: Utility and psychometrics. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 55B:S352–S356.

Rhodes R.., Pfaeffli L.2010. Mediators of physical activity behaviour change among adult non-clinical populations: A review update. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 7(37):1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-37.

Rosenthal T.2004. Seasonal variations in blood pressure. The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology. 13:267–272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1076-7460.2004.00060.x.

Seo D. I.., Kim S. K.., Chang H. K.2009. The effects of 12 weeks of walking exercise on body composition and physical fitness in middle aged women. Journal of Korean Academy of Public Health Nursing. 23(1):61–68.

Shin Y. H.., Jang H. J.., Pender N. J.2001. Psychometric evaluation of the exercise self-efficacy scale among Korean adults with chronic diseases. Research in Nursing & Health. 24:68–76.

Speck B. J.., Looney S. W.2001. Effects of a minimal intervention to increase physical activity in women. Nursing Research. 50:374–378.

Yap T. L.., Davis L. S.., Gates D. M.., Hemmings A. B.., Pan W.2009. The effect of tailored E-mails in the workplace. part II. Increasing overall physical activity. AAOHN Journal. 57:313–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/08910162-20090716-01.