Korean J Sports Med.  2013 Dec;31(2):69-77. 10.5763/kjsm.2013.31.2.69.

Effects of Distance and Accuracy on Visual Search in Golf Putting

Affiliations
  • 1Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea. ksma@kaist.ac.kr

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the eye movement depending on putting distance and accuracy in golf putting. The subjects were semi-professional 5 golfers. Golfers had performed golf putting on 2 m and 15 m distances. Visual search had used in order to examine the eye movement in success and failure of putting by eye tracker (Dikablis 2.0). During golf putting, eye movement analysis had analyzed on the ball and the hole of putting distance and accuracy. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance for repeated measures using SPSS ver. 15.0 program. Visual search to distance and accuracy on ball were as followed. Duration was significant differences in putting distance. Number of glances was significant differences in accuracy. Percentaged glance proportion was significant differences in putting distance. Glance frequency was significant differences in putting distance. Visual search to distance and accuracy on hole were followed. Total glance time and number of glances were significant differences in putting distance. Mean glance duration was significant differences in putting distance, accuracy, and between interaction. Percentaged glance proportion was significant differences in putting distance and between interaction. Maximal glance duration was significant differences in putting distance, accuracy, and between interaction. Minimal glance duration was significant differences in accuracy, and between interaction. Glance frequency was significant differences in between interaction. This study will be expected to be utilized for putting performance improvement as a basis for developing an exercise program.

Keyword

Eye camera; Visual research; Putting distance; Accuracy

MeSH Terms

Eye Movements
Golf*

Figure

  • Fig. 1. The Eye Tracking System (Dikablis 2.0).


Reference

References

1. Thomas KT. The development of sport espertise: from leeds to MVP legend. Quest. 1994; 46:199–210.
2. Williams AM, Davids K. Visual search strategy, selective attention, and expertise in soccer. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1998; 69:111–28.
Article
3. Adams M, Thomashi TJ. The academy of golf PGA National play better golf. London: Calton;1996.
4. Wiren G. Golf, building a solid game. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall;1992.
5. Choi SJ, Park JJ. Biomechanics analysis by success and failure during golf putting swing. Korean J Sport Biomech. 2002; 12:279–93.
Article
6. Woo BH, Kim CW, Park YS, Lee KC, Lim YT. The effects of accuracy on skill level and eye-tracking typein golf putting. Korean J Sport Biomech. 2009; 19:729–38.
7. Kim SJ. Motor learning and control. Seoul: Daehan Media;2000.
8. Mann R. Grand cypress academy of golf, grand cypress report. Orlando, FL: Grand cypress academy of golf;1989.
9. Abernethy B. Visual search strategies and decision-making in spot. Int J Sport Psychol. 1991; 22:217–22.
10. Elliott B, Mester J. Training in sport: applying sport science. New York: John Wiley & Sons;1998.
11. Park SH. The change of gaze behavior, eye-head coordination, and temporal characteristics of swing by task constraints in tennis volley stroke. Korean J Sport Sci. 2004; 15:22–40.
12. Williams AM, Singer RN, Frehlich SG. Quiet eye duration, expertise, and task complexity in near and far aiming tasks. J Mot Behav. 2002; 34:197–207.
Article
13. Poolton JM, Masters RS, Maxwell JP. The relationship between initial errorless learning conditions and subsequent performance. Hum Mov Sci. 2005; 24:362–78.
Article
14. Amazeen EL, Amazeen PG, Post AA, Beek PJ. Timing the selection of information during rhythmic catching. J Mot Behav. 1999; 31:279–89.
Article
15. Ha JH. The effects of changes in horizontal gaze angle on the accuracy of coincident timing and eye movement pattern. Korea Sports Res. 2007; 18:363–74.
16. Cochran AJ, Stobbs J. Golf Society of Great Britain. The search for the perfect swing. Philadelphia: Lippincott;1968.
17. Park SB. A compensatory process for unexpectedly altered external loads during goal-directed movement. Korean J Sport Psychol. 1998; 9:3–18.
18. Kim J, Singer RN, Tennant LK. Visual, auditory, kinesthetic, irrelebant imagery and corresponding EEG. J Hum Mov Stud. 2001; 40:391–403.
19. French KE, Nevett ME, Spurgeon JH, Graham KC, Rink JE, McPherson SL. Knowledge representation and problem solution in expert and novice youth baseball players. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1996; 67:386–95.
Article
20. Korea Professional Golfer's Association. KPGA golf teaching manual. Seoul: Doosan Dong-a;2001.
21. Takauji I. Power approach & putting book. Seoul: Samhwa Media;1996.
22. Park SH. Gaze behavior and movement control in golf putting. Korean J Sprot Sci. 2006; 17:72–83.
23. Cordo PJ, Flanders M. Time-dependent effects of kinesthetic input. J Mot Behav. 1990; 22:45–65.
Article
24. Park IJ, Hong JH, Roh SY. The analysis for factor of attention and visual search in expertise and distance of golf putting. Korean J Sport Psychol. 2010; 21:49–70.
25. Vickers JN. Gaze control in putting. Perception. 1992; 21:117–32.
Article
26. Park IJ. The analysis for factor of attention and visual search in expertise and distance of golf putting [dissertation]. Seoul: Kookmin University Graduate School;2009.
27. Kim SJ, Lee SM, Park SH. Utilizing advanced visual cue, anticipation, and expertise of goalkeeper in soccer penalty kick. Korea J Physic Educ. 2005; 44:91–101.
28. Lee SC, Park SB. Effects of spatial accuracy demands on visual processing time. Korea J Physic Educ. 1998; 37:257–74.
29. Bard C, Hay L, Fleury M. Timing and accuracy of visually directed movements in children: control of direction and amplitude components. J Exp Child Psychol. 1990; 50:102–18.
Article
30. Ha JH, Park SB, Kim TH. The effects of practice with visual occlusion on the learning of golf putting. Korea J Physic Educ. 2009; 22:217–22.
31. Bear MF, Connors BW, Paradiso MA. Neuroscience: exploring the brain. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2006.
32. Park S, Toole T, Lee S. Functional roles of the proprioceptive system in the control of goal-directed movement. Percept Mot Skills. 1999; 88:631–47.
Article
33. Koslow R, Warners G. The effects of visual aiming cues on golf putting. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2000; 71:A58.
34. Smyth MM, Marriott AM. Vision and proprioception in simple catching. J Mot Behav. 1982; 14:143–52.
Article
35. Botvinick M, Cohen J. Rubber hands ‘feel’ touch that eyes see. Nature. 1998; 391:756.
Article
36. Romero DH, Van Gemmert AW, Adler CH, Bekkering H, Stelmach GE. Time delays prior to movement alter the drawing kinematics of elderly adults. Hum Mov Sci. 2003; 22:207–20.
Article
37. Latash ML. Neurophysiological basis of movement. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics;1998.
Full Text Links
  • KJSM
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr