J Adv Prosthodont.  2014 Oct;6(5):333-345. 10.4047/jap.2014.6.5.333.

The effects of dentin bonding agent formulas on their polymerization quality, and together with tooth tissues on their microleakage and shear bond strength: an explorative 3-step experiment

• Erfan M
• Jafarzadeh-Kashi TS
• Ghadiri M
• Rakhshan V

• KMID: 2284733
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4047/jap.2014.6.5.333

Abstract

PURPOSE
Bonding agents (BA) are the crucial weak link of composite restorations. Since the commercial materials' compositions are not disclosed, studies to formulize the optimum ratios of different components are of value. The aim of this study was to find a proper formula of BAs.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This explorative experimental in vitro study was composed of 4 different sets of extensive experiments. A commercial BA and 7 experimental formulas were compared in terms of degree of conversion (5 experimental formulas), shear bond strength, mode of failure, and microleakage (3 experimental formulas). Statistical analyses were performed (alpha=.05). The DC of selected formula was tested one year later.
RESULTS
The two-way ANOVA indicated a significant difference between the shear bond strength (SBS) of two tissues (dentin vs. enamel, P=.0001) in a way that dentinal bonds were weaker. However, there was no difference between the four materials (P=.283). The adhesive mode of failure was predominant in all groups. No differences between the microleakage of the four materials at occlusal (P=.788) or gingival (P=.508) sites were detected (Kruskal-Wallis). The Mann-Whitney U test showed a significant difference between the microleakage of all materials (3 experimental formulas and a commercial material) together at the occlusal site versus the gingival site (P=.041).
CONCLUSION
A formula with 62% bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA), 37% hydroxy ethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 0.3% camphorquinone (CQ), and 0.7% dimethyl-para-toluidine (DMPT) seems a proper formula for mass production. The microleakage and SBS might be respectively higher and lower on dentin compared to enamel.

Keyword

Dentin bonding agents; Polymerization; Degree of conversion; Shear bond strength; Microleakage; Mode of failure; H-NMR spectroscopy; FT-IR spectroscopy

MeSH Terms

Adhesives
Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate
Dental Enamel
Dentin*
Dentin-Bonding Agents
Polymerization*
Polymers*
Tooth*
Adhesives
Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate
Dentin-Bonding Agents
Polymers

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 The H-NMR signatures of Bis-GMA (A), HEMA (B), Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (C), and an experimental formula F1 (D).

• 

  Fig. 2 FT-IR spectrum of the experimental formulas (A - G) and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Adhesive commercial BA (H) before and after polymerization, showing aliphatic double bond (C=C) and aromatic single bond (C-C). Regardless of the colors, the lower peak shows the cured material and the upper peak shows the uncured material.

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  Fig. 3 The metal template for fixing the specimens and the celluloid template for placing the composite on them.

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  Fig. 4 A specimen with zero dye penetration after bonding the composite with Scotchbond Multi-Purpose.

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  Fig. 5 The SBS (and 95% confidence interval) of the three experimental (green) and one control (blue) BAs on enamel and dentin tissues.

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  Fig. 6 A visual illustration of Weibull moduli pertaining to the results of BA on dentin. A steeper slope indicates that the result is more reliable. A curve skewed to the right indicates that the probability of failure is lower for a given constant stress value.

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