1. Dennie CJ, Leipsic J, Brydie A. Canadian Association of Radiologists. Canadian Association of Radiologists: Consensus Guidelines and Standards for Cardiac CT. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2009; 60:19–34.
2. ASCI CCT & CMR Guideline Working Group. Tsai IC, Choi BW, Chan C, Jinzaki M, Kitagawa K, et al. ASCI 2010 appropriateness criteria for cardiac computed tomography: a report of the Asian Society of Cardiovascular Imaging Cardiac Computed Tomography and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Guideline Working Group. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010; 26:Suppl 1. 1–15.
3. Liew GY, Feneley M, Worthley SG. Noninvasive coronary artery imaging: current clinical applications: Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand guidelines. Heart Lung Circ. 2011; 20:425–437.
4. Taylor AJ, Cerqueira M, Hodgson JM, Mark D, Min J, O'Gara P, et al. ACCF/SCCT/ACR/AHA/ASE/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SCMR 2010 Appropriate Use Criteria for Cardiac Computed Tomography. A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, the American College of Radiology, the American Heart Association, the American Society of Echocardiography, the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. Circulation. 2010; 122:e525–e555.
5. Vanhoenacker PK, Heijenbrok-Kal MH, Van Heste R, Decramer I, Van Hoe LR, Wijns W, et al. Diagnostic performance of multidetector CT angiography for assessment of coronary artery disease: meta-analysis. Radiology. 2007; 244:419–428.
6. Sun Z, Lin C, Davidson R, Dong C, Liao Y. Diagnostic value of 64-slice CT angiography in coronary artery disease: a systematic review. Eur J Radiol. 2008; 67:78–84.
7. Stein PD, Yaekoub AY, Matta F, Sostman HD. 64-slice CT for diagnosis of coronary artery disease: a systematic review. Am J Med. 2008; 121:715–725.
8. Mowatt G, Cook JA, Hillis GS, Walker S, Fraser C, Jia X, et al. 64-Slice computed tomography angiography in the diagnosis and assessment of coronary artery disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2008; 94:1386–1393.
9. Bamberg F, Sommer WH, Hoffmann V, Achenbach S, Nikolaou K, Conen D, et al. Meta-analysis and systematic review of the long-term predictive value of assessment of coronary atherosclerosis by contrast-enhanced coronary computed tomography angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011; 57:2426–2436.
10. Salavati A, Radmanesh F, Heidari K, Dwamena BA, Kelly AM, Cronin P. Dual-source computed tomography angiography for diagnosis and assessment of coronary artery disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2012; 6:78–90.
11. Paech DC, Weston AR. A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of 64-slice or higher computed tomography angiography as an alternative to invasive coronary angiography in the investigation of suspected coronary artery disease. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2011; 11:32.
12. Ladapo JA, Jaffer FA, Hoffmann U, Thomson CC, Bamberg F, Dec W, et al. Clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of coronary computed tomography angiography in the evaluation of patients with chest pain. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009; 54:2409–2422.
13. Nieman K, Galema T, Weustink A, Neefjes L, Moelker A, Musters P, et al. Computed tomography versus exercise electrocardiography in patients with stable chest complaints: real-world experiences from a fast-track chest pain clinic. Heart. 2009; 95:1669–1675.
14. Dedic A, Genders TS, Ferket BS, Galema TW, Mollet NR, Moelker A, et al. Stable angina pectoris: head-to-head comparison of prognostic value of cardiac CT and exercise testing. Radiology. 2011; 261:428–436.
15. Ghostine S, Caussin C, Daoud B, Habis M, Perrier E, Pesenti-Rossi D, et al. Non-invasive detection of coronary artery disease in patients with left bundle branch block using 64-slice computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48:1929–1934.
16. Arbab-Zadeh A, Miller JM, Rochitte CE, Dewey M, Niinuma H, Gottlieb I, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography coronary angiography according to pre-test probability of coronary artery disease and severity of coronary arterial calcification. The CORE-64 (Coronary Artery Evaluation Using 64-Row Multidetector Computed Tomography Angiography) International Multicenter Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012; 59:379–387.
17. den Dekker MA, de Smet K, de Bock GH, Tio RA, Oudkerk M, Vliegenthart R. Diagnostic performance of coronary CT angiography for stenosis detection according to calcium score: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2012; 22:2688–2698.
18. Chang SA, Choi SI, Choi EK, Kim HK, Jung JW, Chun EJ, et al. Usefulness of 64-slice multidetector computed tomography as an initial diagnostic approach in patients with acute chest pain. Am Heart J. 2008; 156:375–383.
19. Goldstein JA, Gallagher MJ, O'Neill WW, Ross MA, O'Neil BJ, Raff GL. A randomized controlled trial of multi-slice coronary computed tomography for evaluation of acute chest pain. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 49:863–871.
20. May JM, Shuman WP, Strote JN, Branch KR, Mitsumori LM, Lockhart DW, et al. Low-risk patients with chest pain in the emergency department: negative 64-MDCT coronary angiography may reduce length of stay and hospital charges. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009; 193:150–154.
21. Samad Z, Hakeem A, Mahmood SS, Pieper K, Patel MR, Simel DL, et al. A meta-analysis and systematic review of computed tomography angiography as a diagnostic triage tool for patients with chest pain presenting to the emergency department. J Nucl Cardiol. 2012; 19:364–376.
22. Schlett CL, Banerji D, Siegel E, Bamberg F, Lehman SJ, Ferencik M, et al. Prognostic value of CT angiography for major adverse cardiac events in patients with acute chest pain from the emergency department: 2-year outcomes of the ROMICAT trial. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011; 4:481–491.
23. Hollander JE, Chang AM, Shofer FS, Collin MJ, Walsh KM, McCusker CM, et al. One-year outcomes following coronary computerized tomographic angiography for evaluation of emergency department patients with potential acute coronary syndrome. Acad Emerg Med. 2009; 16:693–698.
24. Christiaens L, Duchat F, Boudiaf M, Tasu JP, Fargeaudou Y, Ledref O, et al. Impact of 64-slice coronary CT on the management of patients presenting with acute chest pain: results of a prospective two-centre study. Eur Radiol. 2012; 22:1050–1058.
25. Rubinshtein R, Halon DA, Gaspar T, Jaffe R, Karkabi B, Flugelman MY, et al. Usefulness of 64-slice cardiac computed tomographic angiography for diagnosing acute coronary syndromes and predicting clinical outcome in emergency department patients with chest pain of uncertain origin. Circulation. 2007; 115:1762–1768.
26. Hollander JE, Chang AM, Shofer FS, McCusker CM, Baxt WG, Litt HI. Coronary computed tomographic angiography for rapid discharge of low-risk patients with potential acute coronary syndromes. Ann Emerg Med. 2009; 53:295–304.
27. Yoon YE, Wann S. Evaluation of acute chest pain in the emergency department: "triple rule-out" computed tomography angiography. Cardiol Rev. 2011; 19:115–121.
28. Lee HY, Yoo SM, White CS. Coronary CT angiography in emergency department patients with acute chest pain: triple rule-out protocol versus dedicated coronary CT angiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009; 25:319–326.
29. Frauenfelder T, Appenzeller P, Karlo C, Scheffel H, Desbiolles L, Stolzmann P, et al. Triple rule-out CT in the emergency department: protocols and spectrum of imaging findings. Eur Radiol. 2009; 19:789–799.
30. Halpern EJ. Triple-rule-out CT angiography for evaluation of acute chest pain and possible acute coronary syndrome. Radiology. 2009; 252:332–345.
31. Madder RD, Raff GL, Hickman L, Foster NJ, McMurray MD, Carlyle LM, et al. Comparative diagnostic yield and 3-month outcomes of "triple rule-out" and standard protocol coronary CT angiography in the evaluation of acute chest pain. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2011; 5:165–171.
32. Hoffmann U, Truong QA, Schoenfeld DA, Chou ET, Woodard PK, Nagurney JT, et al. Coronary CT angiography versus standard evaluation in acute chest pain. N Engl J Med. 2012; 367:299–308.
33. Lloyd-Jones DM, Nam BH, D'Agostino RB Sr, Levy D, Murabito JM, Wang TJ, et al. Parental cardiovascular disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults: a prospective study of parents and offspring. JAMA. 2004; 291:2204–2211.
34. Murabito JM, Pencina MJ, Nam BH, D'Agostino RB Sr, Wang TJ, Lloyd-Jones D, et al. Sibling cardiovascular disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults. JAMA. 2005; 294:3117–3123.
35. Wang TJ, Nam BH, D'Agostino RB, Wolf PA, Lloyd-Jones DM, MacRae CA, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness is associated with premature parental coronary heart disease: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2003; 108:572–576.
36. Gaeta G, De Michele M, Cuomo S, Guarini P, Foglia MC, Bond MG, et al. Arterial abnormalities in the offspring of patients with premature myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343:840–846.
37. Nasir K, Budoff MJ, Wong ND, Scheuner M, Herrington D, Arnett DK, et al. Family history of premature coronary heart disease and coronary artery calcification: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation. 2007; 116:619–626.
38. Nasir K, Michos ED, Rumberger JA, Braunstein JB, Post WS, Budoff MJ, et al. Coronary artery calcification and family history of premature coronary heart disease: sibling history is more strongly associated than parental history. Circulation. 2004; 110:2150–2156.
39. Arad Y, Goodman KJ, Roth M, Newstein D, Guerci AD. Coronary calcification, coronary disease risk factors, C-reactive protein, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events: the St. Francis Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46:158–165.
40. LaMonte MJ, FitzGerald SJ, Church TS, Barlow CE, Radford NB, Levine BD, et al. Coronary artery calcium score and coronary heart disease events in a large cohort of asymptomatic men and women. Am J Epidemiol. 2005; 162:421–429.
41. Shaw LJ, Raggi P, Schisterman E, Berman DS, Callister TQ. Prognostic value of cardiac risk factors and coronary artery calcium screening for all-cause mortality. Radiology. 2003; 228:826–833.
42. Wong ND, Budoff MJ, Pio J, Detrano RC. Coronary calcium and cardiovascular event risk: evaluation by age- and sex-specific quartiles. Am Heart J. 2002; 143:456–459.
43. Rozanski A, Gransar H, Shaw LJ, Kim J, Miranda-Peats L, Wong ND, et al. Impact of coronary artery calcium scanning on coronary risk factors and downstream testing the EISNER (Early Identification of Subclinical Atherosclerosis by Noninvasive Imaging Research) prospective randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011; 57:1622–1632.
44. Budoff MJ, Shaw LJ, Liu ST, Weinstein SR, Mosler TP, Tseng PH, et al. Long-term prognosis associated with coronary calcification: observations from a registry of 25253 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 49:1860–1870.
45. Detrano R, Guerci AD, Carr JJ, Bild DE, Burke G, Folsom AR, et al. Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358:1336–1345.
46. Greenland P, LaBree L, Azen SP, Doherty TM, Detrano RC. Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals. JAMA. 2004; 291:210–215.
47. Lakoski SG, Greenland P, Wong ND, Schreiner PJ, Herrington DM, Kronmal RA, et al. Coronary artery calcium scores and risk for cardiovascular events in women classified as "low risk" based on Framingham risk score: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167:2437–2442.
48. Budoff MJ, Nasir K, McClelland RL, Detrano R, Wong N, Blumenthal RS, et al. Coronary calcium predicts events better with absolute calcium scores than age-sex-race/ethnicity percentiles: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009; 53:345–352.
49. Kondos GT, Hoff JA, Sevrukov A, Daviglus ML, Garside DB, Devries SS, et al. Electron-beam tomography coronary artery calcium and cardiac events: a 37-month follow-up of 5635 initially asymptomatic low- to intermediate-risk adults. Circulation. 2003; 107:2571–2576.
50. Taylor AJ, Bindeman J, Feuerstein I, Cao F, Brazaitis M, O'Malley PG. Coronary calcium independently predicts incident premature coronary heart disease over measured cardiovascular risk factors: mean three-year outcomes in the Prospective Army Coronary Calcium (PACC) project. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46:807–814.
51. Nasir K, Budoff MJ, Post WS, Fishman EK, Mahesh M, Lima JA, et al. Electron beam CT versus helical CT scans for assessing coronary calcification: current utility and future directions. Am Heart J. 2003; 146:969–977.
52. Greenland P, Bonow RO, Brundage BH, Budoff MJ, Eisenberg MJ, Grundy SM, et al. ACCF/AHA 2007 clinical expert consensus document on coronary artery calcium scoring by computed tomography in global cardiovascular risk assessment and in evaluation of patients with chest pain: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Clinical Expert Consensus Task Force (ACCF/AHA Writing Committee to Update the 2000 Expert Consensus Document on Electron Beam Computed Tomography) developed in collaboration with the Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention and the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 49:378–402.
53. Myerburg RJ, Interian A Jr, Mitrani RM, Kessler KM, Castellanos A. Frequency of sudden cardiac death and profiles of risk. Am J Cardiol. 1997; 80:10F–19F.
54. Nasir K, Michos ED, Blumenthal RS, Raggi P. Detection of high-risk young adults and women by coronary calcium and National Cholesterol Education Program Panel III guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46:1931–1936.
55. Akosah KO, Schaper A, Cogbill C, Schoenfeld P. Preventing myocardial infarction in the young adult in the first place: how do the National Cholesterol Education Panel III guidelines perform? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 41:1475–1479.
56. Lee S, Choi EK, Chang HJ, Kim CH, Seo WW, Park JJ, et al. Subclinical coronary artery disease as detected by coronary computed tomography angiography in an asymptomatic population. Korean Circ J. 2010; 40:434–441.
57. Yoo DH, Chun EJ, Choi SI, Kim JA, Jin KN, Yeon TJ, et al. Significance of noncalcified coronary plaque in asymptomatic subjects with low coronary artery calcium score: assessment with coronary computed tomography angiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011; 27:Suppl 1. 27–35.
58. Choi EK, Choi SI, Rivera JJ, Nasir K, Chang SA, Chun EJ, et al. Coronary computed tomography angiography as a screening tool for the detection of occult coronary artery disease in asymptomatic individuals. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 52:357–365.
59. Perrone-Filardi P, Achenbach S, Möhlenkamp S, Reiner Z, Sambuceti G, Schuijf JD, et al. a position statement of the Working Group on Nuclear Cardiology and Cardiac CT of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2011; 32:1986–1993. 1993a1993b
60. Bachar GN, Atar E, Fuchs S, Dror D, Kornowski R. Prevalence and clinical predictors of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease in asymptomatic patients undergoing coronary multidetector computed tomography. Coron Artery Dis. 2007; 18:353–360.
61. Cho I, Chang HJ, Sung JM, Pencina MJ, Lin FY, Dunning AM, et al. Coronary computed tomographic angiography and risk of all-cause mortality and non-fatal myocardial infarction in subjects without chest pain syndrome from the CONFIRM Registry (COronary CT Angiography EvaluatioN for Clinical Outcomes: an InteRnational Multicenter Registry). Circulation. 2012; 126:304–313.
62. Cademartiri F, Maffei E, Palumbo A, Seitun S, Martini C, Tedeschi C, et al. Coronary calcium score and computed tomography coronary angiography in high-risk asymptomatic subjects: assessment of diagnostic accuracy and prevalence of non-obstructive coronary artery disease. Eur Radiol. 2010; 20:846–854.
63. Khan R, Jang IK. Evaluation of coronary allograft vasculopathy using multi-detector row computed tomography: a systematic review. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012; 41:415–422.
64. Iyengar S, Feldman DS, Cooke GE, Leier CV, Raman SV. Detection of coronary artery disease in orthotopic heart transplant recipients with 64-detector row computed tomography angiography. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006; 25:1363–1366.
65. Sigurdsson G, Carrascosa P, Yamani MH, Greenberg NL, Perrone S, Lev G, et al. Detection of transplant coronary artery disease using multidetector computed tomography with adaptative multisegment reconstruction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48:772–778.
66. Bastarrika G, De Cecco CN, Arraiza M, Mastrobuoni S, Pueyo JC, Ubilla M, et al. Dual-source CT for visualization of the coronary arteries in heart transplant patients with high heart rates. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008; 191:448–454.
67. Pichler P, Loewe C, Roedler S, Syeda B, Stadler A, Aliabadi A, et al. Detection of high-grade stenoses with multislice computed tomography in heart transplant patients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008; 27:310–316.
68. Hamilton-Craig C, Strugnell WE, Raffel OC, Porto I, Walters DL, Slaughter RE. CT angiography with cardiac MRI: non-invasive functional and anatomical assessment for the etiology in newly diagnosed heart failure. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012; 28:1111–1122.
69. le Polain de Waroux JB, Pouleur AC, Goffinet C, Pasquet A, Vanoverschelde JL, Gerber BL. Combined coronary and late-enhanced multidetector-computed tomography for delineation of the etiology of left ventricular dysfunction: comparison with coronary angiography and contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Heart J. 2008; 29:2544–2551.
70. Andreini D, Pontone G, Bartorelli AL, Agostoni P, Mushtaq S, Bertella E, et al. Sixty-four-slice multidetector computed tomography: an accurate imaging modality for the evaluation of coronary arteries in dilated cardiomyopathy of unknown etiology. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009; 2:199–205.
71. Ghostine S, Caussin C, Habis M, Habib Y, Clément C, Sigal-Cinqualbre A, et al. Non-invasive diagnosis of ischaemic heart failure using 64-slice computed tomography. Eur Heart J. 2008; 29:2133–2140.
72. Andreini D, Pontone G, Pepi M, Ballerini G, Bartorelli AL, Magini A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of multidetector computed tomography coronary angiography in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 49:2044–2050.
73. Bhatti S, Hakeem A, Yousuf MA, Al-Khalidi HR, Mazur W, Shizukuda Y. Diagnostic performance of computed tomography angiography for differentiating ischemic vs nonischemic cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Cardiol. 2011; 18:407–420.
74. Asferg C, Usinger L, Kristensen TS, Abdulla J. Accuracy of multi-slice computed tomography for measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction compared with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol. 2012; 81:e757–e762.
75. Min JK, Lin FY, Dunning AM, Delago A, Egan J, Shaw LJ, et al. Incremental prognostic significance of left ventricular dysfunction to coronary artery disease detection by 64-detector row coronary computed tomographic angiography for the prediction of all-cause mortality: results from a two-centre study of 5330 patients. Eur Heart J. 2010; 31:1212–1219.
76. Chow BJ, Wells GA, Chen L, Yam Y, Galiwango P, Abraham A, et al. Prognostic value of 64-slice cardiac computed tomography severity of coronary artery disease, coronary atherosclerosis, and left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010; 55:1017–1028.
77. Catalán P, Leta R, Hidalgo A, Montiel J, Alomar X, Viladés D, et al. Ruling out coronary artery disease with noninvasive coronary multidetector CT angiography before noncoronary cardiovascular surgery. Radiology. 2011; 258:426–434.
78. Buffa V, De Cecco CN, Cossu L, Fedeli S, Vallone A, Ruopoli R, et al. Preoperative coronary risk assessment with dual-source CT in patients undergoing noncoronary cardiac surgery. Radiol Med. 2010; 115:1028–1037.
79. Stagnaro N, Della Latta D, Chiappino D. Diagnostic accuracy of MDCT coronary angiography in patients referred for heart valve surgery. Radiol Med. 2009; 114:728–742.
80. Shrivastava V, Vundavalli S, Mitchell L, Dunning J. Is cardiac computed tomography a reliable alternative to percutaneous coronary angiography for patients awaiting valve surgery? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2007; 6:105–109.
81. Scheffel H, Leschka S, Plass A, Vachenauer R, Gaemperli O, Garzoli E, et al. Accuracy of 64-slice computed tomography for the preoperative detection of coronary artery disease in patients with chronic aortic regurgitation. Am J Cardiol. 2007; 100:701–706.
82. Pouleur AC, le Polain de Waroux JB, Kefer J, Pasquet A, Coche E, Vanoverschelde JL, et al. Usefulness of 40-slice multidetector row computed tomography to detect coronary disease in patients prior to cardiac valve surgery. Eur Radiol. 2007; 17:3199–3207.
83. Reant P, Brunot S, Lafitte S, Serri K, Leroux L, Corneloup O, et al. Predictive value of noninvasive coronary angiography with multidetector computed tomography to detect significant coronary stenosis before valve surgery. Am J Cardiol. 2006; 97:1506–1510.
84. Meijboom WB, Mollet NR, Van Mieghem CA, Kluin J, Weustink AC, Pugliese F, et al. Pre-operative computed tomography coronary angiography to detect significant coronary artery disease in patients referred for cardiac valve surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48:1658–1665.
85. Gilard M, Cornily JC, Pennec PY, Joret C, Le Gal G, Mansourati J, et al. Accuracy of multislice computed tomography in the preoperative assessment of coronary disease in patients with aortic valve stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 47:2020–2024.
86. Bettencourt N, Rocha J, Carvalho M, Leite D, Toschke AM, Melica B, et al. Multislice computed tomography in the exclusion of coronary artery disease in patients with presurgical valve disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009; 2:306–313.
87. Jonnalagadda N, Jain A, Calkins H, Tandri H. Role of cardiac imaging evaluation of patients with documented or suspected ventricular arrhythmias. J Nucl Cardiol. 2010; 17:145–152.
88. Wazni OM, Tsao HM, Chen SA, Chuang HH, Saliba W, Natale A, et al. Cardiovascular imaging in the management of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48:2077–2084.
89. Marwan M, Pflederer T, Schepis T, Lang A, Muschiol G, Ropers D, et al. Accuracy of dual-source computed tomography to identify significant coronary artery disease in patients with atrial fibrillation: comparison with coronary angiography. Eur Heart J. 2010; 31:2230–2237.
90. Mingels AM, Joosen IA, Versteylen MO, Laufer EM, Winkens MH, Wildberger JE, et al. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T: risk stratification tool in patients with symptoms of chest discomfort. PLoS One. 2012; 7:e35059.
91. Boussel L, Gamondes D, Staat P, Elicker BM, Revel D, Douek P. Acute chest pain with normal coronary angiogram: role of contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography in the differential diagnosis between myocarditis and myocardial infarction. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2008; 32:228–232.
92. Dambrin G, Laissy JP, Serfaty JM, Caussin C, Lancelin B, Paul JF. Diagnostic value of ECG-gated multidetector computed tomography in the early phase of suspected acute myocarditis. A preliminary comparative study with cardiac MRI. Eur Radiol. 2007; 17:331–338.
93. Januzzi JL Jr, Bamberg F, Lee H, Truong QA, Nichols JH, Karakas M, et al. High-sensitivity troponin T concentrations in acute chest pain patients evaluated with cardiac computed tomography. Circulation. 2010; 121:1227–1234.
94. Choi JH, Song YB, Hahn JY, Choi SH, Gwon HC, Cho JR, et al. Three-dimensional quantitative volumetry of chronic total occlusion plaque using coronary multidetector computed tomography. Circ J. 2011; 75:366–375.
95. Magro M, Schultz C, Simsek C, Garcia-Garcia HM, Regar E, Nieman K, et al. Computed tomography as a tool for percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total occlusions. EuroIntervention. 2010; 6:Suppl G. G123–G131.
96. Hoe J. CT coronary angiography of chronic total occlusions of the coronary arteries: how to recognize and evaluate and usefulness for planning percutaneous coronary interventions. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009; 25:Suppl 1. 43–54.
97. García-García HM, van Mieghem CA, Gonzalo N, Meijboom WB, Weustink AC, Onuma Y, et al. Computed tomography in total coronary occlusions (CTTO registry): radiation exposure and predictors of successful percutaneous intervention. EuroIntervention. 2009; 4:607–616.
98. Ehara M, Terashima M, Kawai M, Matsushita S, Tsuchikane E, Kinoshita Y, et al. Impact of multislice computed tomography to estimate difficulty in wire crossing in percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion. J Invasive Cardiol. 2009; 21:575–582.
99. Otsuka M, Sugahara S, Umeda K, Nakamura M, Nakamura A, Bonkohara Y, et al. Utility of multislice computed tomography as a strategic tool for complex percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008; 24:201–210.
100. Soon KH, Cox N, Wong A, Chaitowitz I, Macgregor L, Santos PT, et al. CT coronary angiography predicts the outcome of percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total occlusion. J Interv Cardiol. 2007; 20:359–366.
101. Yokoyama N, Yamamoto Y, Suzuki S, Suzuki M, Konno K, Kozuma K, et al. Impact of 16-slice computed tomography in percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total occlusions. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2006; 68:1–7.
102. Pregowski J, Kepka C, Kruk M, Mintz GS, Kalinczuk L, Ciszewski M, et al. Comparison of usefulness of percutaneous coronary intervention guided by angiography plus computed tomography versus angiography alone using intravascular ultrasound end points. Am J Cardiol. 2011; 108:1728–1734.
103. Cho JR, Kim YJ, Ahn CM, Moon JY, Kim JS, Kim HS, et al. Quantification of regional calcium burden in chronic total occlusion by 64-slice multi-detector computed tomography and procedural outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Cardiol. 2010; 145:9–14.
104. Watabe H, Sato A, Akiyama D, Kakefuda Y, Adachi T, Ojima E, et al. Impact of coronary plaque composition on cardiac troponin elevation after percutaneous coronary intervention in stable angina pectoris: a computed tomography analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012; 59:1881–1888.
105. Mark DB, Shaw L, Harrell FE Jr, Hlatky MA, Lee KL, Bengtson JR, et al. Prognostic value of a treadmill exercise score in outpatients with suspected coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325:849–853.
106. Roger VL, Jacobsen SJ, Pellikka PA, Miller TD, Bailey KR, Gersh BJ. Prognostic value of treadmill exercise testing: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Circulation. 1998; 98:2836–2841.
107. Maffei E, Seitun S, Martini C, Palumbo A, Tarantini G, Berti E, et al. CT coronary angiography and exercise ECG in a population with chest pain and low-to-intermediate pre-test likelihood of coronary artery disease. Heart. 2010; 96:1973–1979.
108. Diamond GA, Denton TA, Berman DS, Cohen I. Prior restraint: a Bayesian perspective on the optimization of technology utilization for diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1995; 76:82–86.
109. Morise AP, Diamond GA. Comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of exercise electrocardiography in biased and unbiased populations of men and women. Am Heart J. 1995; 130:741–747.
110. Cademartiri F, La Grutta L, Palumbo A, Maffei E, Martini C, Seitun S, et al. Computed tomography coronary angiography vs. stress ECG in patients with stable angina. Radiol Med. 2009; 114:513–523.
111. Bonello L, Armero S, Jacquier A, Com O, Sarran A, Sbragia P, et al. Non-invasive coronary angiography for patients with acute atypical chest pain discharged after negative screening including maximal negative treadmill stress test. A prospective study. Int J Cardiol. 2009; 134:140–143.
112. Blankstein R, Ahmed W, Bamberg F, Rogers IS, Schlett CL, Nasir K, et al. Comparison of exercise treadmill testing with cardiac computed tomography angiography among patients presenting to the emergency room with chest pain: the Rule Out Myocardial Infarction Using Computer-Assisted Tomography (ROMICAT) study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012; 5:233–242.
113. Mollet NR, Cademartiri F, Van Mieghem C, Meijboom B, Pugliese F, Runza G, et al. Adjunctive value of CT coronary angiography in the diagnostic work-up of patients with typical angina pectoris. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28:1872–1878.
114. Versteylen MO, Joosen IA, Winkens MH, Laufer EM, Snijder RJ, Wildberger JE, et al. Combined use of exercise electrocardiography, coronary calcium score and cardiac CT angiography for the prediction of major cardiovascular events in patients presenting with stable chest pain. Int J Cardiol. 2013; 167:121–125.
115. Taylor GL, Murphy NF, Berry C, Christie J, Finlayson A, MacIntyre K, et al. Long-term outcome of low-risk patients attending a rapid-assessment chest pain clinic. Heart. 2008; 94:628–632.
116. Alvarez Tamargo JA, Martin-Ambrosio ES, Tarin ER, Fernandez MM, De la Tassa CM. Significance of the treadmill scores and high-risk criteria for exercise testing in non-high-risk patients with unstable angina and an intermediate Duke treadmill score. Acta Cardiol. 2008; 63:557–564.
117. Shaw LJ, Peterson ED, Shaw LK, Kesler KL, DeLong ER, Harrell FE Jr, et al. Use of a prognostic treadmill score in identifying diagnostic coronary disease subgroups. Circulation. 1998; 98:1622–1630.
118. de Azevedo CF, Hadlich MS, Bezerra SG, Petriz JL, Alves RR, de Souza O, et al. Prognostic value of CT angiography in patients with inconclusive functional stress tests. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011; 4:740–751.
119. Heller GV, Bateman TM, Johnson LL, Cullom SJ, Case JA, Galt JR, et al. Clinical value of attenuation correction in stress-only Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT imaging. J Nucl Cardiol. 2004; 11:273–281.
120. Koller D. Assessing diagnostic performance in nuclear cardiology. J Nucl Cardiol. 2002; 9:114–123.
121. Chan RH, Javali S, Ellins ML, Montgomery A, Sheth T. Utility of 64 detector coronary computed tomographic angiography in patients with and without prior equivocal stress tests. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011; 27:135–141.
122. Iskandrian AE. The Achilles heel of SPECT imaging: the false-positive scans--or are they? J Nucl Cardiol. 2006; 13:747–748.
123. Schuijf JD, Wijns W, Jukema JW, Atsma DE, de Roos A, Lamb HJ, et al. Relationship between noninvasive coronary angiography with multi-slice computed tomography and myocardial perfusion imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48:2508–2514.
124. Cole JH, Chunn VM, Morrow JA, Buckley RS, Phillips GM. Cost implications of initial computed tomography angiography as opposed to catheterization in patients with mildly abnormal or equivocal myocardial perfusion scans. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2007; 1:21–26.
125. Abidov A, Gallagher MJ, Chinnaiyan KM, Mehta LS, Wegner JH, Raff GL. Clinical effectiveness of coronary computed tomographic angiography in the triage of patients to cardiac catheterization and revascularization after inconclusive stress testing: results of a 2-year prospective trial. J Nucl Cardiol. 2009; 16:701–713.
126. Danciu SC, Herrera CJ, Stecy PJ, Carell E, Saltiel F, Hines JL. Usefulness of multislice computed tomographic coronary angiography to identify patients with abnormal myocardial perfusion stress in whom diagnostic catheterization may be safely avoided. Am J Cardiol. 2007; 100:1605–1608.
127. Villines TC, O'Malley PG, Feuerstein IM, Thomas S, Taylor AJ. Does prolonged warfarin exposure potentiate coronary calcification in humans? Results of the warfarin and coronary calcification study. Calcif Tissue Int. 2009; 85:494–500.
128. Raggi P, Callister TQ, Cooil B, Russo DJ, Lippolis NJ, Patterson RE. Evaluation of chest pain in patients with low to intermediate pretest probability of coronary artery disease by electron beam computed tomography. Am J Cardiol. 2000; 85:283–288.
129. Sarwar A, Shaw LJ, Shapiro MD, Blankstein R, Hoffmann U, Cury RC, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of absence of coronary artery calcification. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009; 2:675–688.
130. Stolzmann P, Scheffel H, Leschka S, Plass A, Baumüller S, Marincek B, et al. Influence of calcifications on diagnostic accuracy of coronary CT angiography using prospective ECG triggering. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008; 191:1684–1689.
131. Raff GL, Gallagher MJ, O'Neill WW, Goldstein JA. Diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive coronary angiography using 64-slice spiral computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46:552–557.
132. Ong TK, Chin SP, Liew CK, Chan WL, Seyfarth MT, Liew HB, et al. Accuracy of 64-row multidetector computed tomography in detecting coronary artery disease in 134 symptomatic patients: influence of calcification. Am Heart J. 2006; 151:1323.e1–1323.e6.
133. Leschka S, Alkadhi H, Plass A, Desbiolles L, Grünenfelder J, Marincek B, et al. Accuracy of MSCT coronary angiography with 64-slice technology: first experience. Eur Heart J. 2005; 26:1482–1487.
134. Gutstein A, Wolak A, Lee C, Dey D, Ohba M, Suzuki Y, et al. Predicting success of prospective and retrospective gating with dual-source coronary computed tomography angiography: development of selection criteria and initial experience. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2008; 2:81–90.
135. Alkadhi H, Scheffel H, Desbiolles L, Gaemperli O, Stolzmann P, Plass A, et al. Dual-source computed tomography coronary angiography: influence of obesity, calcium load, and heart rate on diagnostic accuracy. Eur Heart J. 2008; 29:766–776.
136. Pugliese F, Mollet NR, Runza G, van Mieghem C, Meijboom WB, Malagutti P, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive 64-slice CT coronary angiography in patients with stable angina pectoris. Eur Radiol. 2006; 16:575–582.
137. Morgan-Hughes GJ, Roobottom CA, Owens PE, Marshall AJ. Highly accurate coronary angiography with submillimetre, 16 slice computed tomography. Heart. 2005; 91:308–313.
138. Heuschmid M, Kuettner A, Schroeder S, Trabold T, Feyer A, Seemann MD, et al. ECG-gated 16-MDCT of the coronary arteries: assessment of image quality and accuracy in detecting stenoses. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005; 184:1413–1419.
139. Abdulla J, Pedersen KS, Budoff M, Kofoed KF. Influence of coronary calcification on the diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice computed tomography coronary angiography: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012; 28:943–953.
140. Budoff MJ, Dowe D, Jollis JG, Gitter M, Sutherland J, Halamert E, et al. Diagnostic performance of 64-multidetector row coronary computed tomographic angiography for evaluation of coronary artery stenosis in individuals without known coronary artery disease: results from the prospective multicenter ACCURACY (Assessment by Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography of Individuals Undergoing Invasive Coronary Angiography) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 52:1724–1732.
141. Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, Calkins H, Chaikof E, Fleischmann KE, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery): Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and Society for Vascular Surgery. Circulation. 2007; 116:1971–1996.
142. Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, Calkins H, Chaikof EL, Fleischmann KE, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery) developed in collaboration with the American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and Society for Vascular Surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 50:e159–e241.
143. Fleisher LA. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association. Cardiac risk stratification for noncardiac surgery: update from the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 2007 guidelines. Cleve Clin J Med. 2009; 76:Suppl 4. S9–S15.
144. Freeman WK, Gibbons RJ. Perioperative cardiovascular assessment of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009; 84:79–90.
145. Williams FM, Bergin JD. Cardiac screening before noncardiac surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2009; 89:747–762. vii
146. Holt NF. Perioperative cardiac risk reduction. Am Fam Physician. 2012; 85:239–246.
147. Nelson CL, Herndon JE, Mark DB, Pryor DB, Califf RM, Hlatky MA. Relation of clinical and angiographic factors to functional capacity as measured by the Duke Activity Status Index. Am J Cardiol. 1991; 68:973–975.
148. Kaneko K, Ito M, Takanashi T, Hashizume E, Owashi K, Kaneko H, et al. Computed tomography and scintigraphy vs. cardiac catheterization for coronary disease screening prior to noncardiac surgery. Intern Med. 2010; 49:1703–1710.
149. Chae WY, Hwang S, Yoon YI, Kang MC, Moon DB, Song GW, et al. Clinical value of preoperative coronary risk assessment by computed tomographic arteriography prior to adult living donor liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2012; 44:415–417.
150. Abir F, Kakisis I, Sumpio B. Do vascular surgery patients need a cardiology work-up? A review of pre-operative cardiac clearance guidelines in vascular surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2003; 25:110–117.
151. Wijeysundera DN, Beattie WS, Austin PC, Hux JE, Laupacis A. Non-invasive cardiac stress testing before elective major non-cardiac surgery: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2010; 340:b5526.
152. Bryan AJ, Angelini GD. The biology of saphenous vein graft occlusion: etiology and strategies for prevention. Curr Opin Cardiol. 1994; 9:641–649.
153. Barner HB, Standeven JW, Reese J. Twelve-year experience with internal mammary artery for coronary artery bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1985; 90:668–675.
154. Cameron AA, Davis KB, Rogers WJ. Recurrence of angina after coronary artery bypass surgery: predictors and prognosis (CASS Registry). Coronary Artery Surgery Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 26:895–899.
155. Malagutti P, Nieman K, Meijboom WB, van Mieghem CA, Pugliese F, Cademartiri F, et al. Use of 64-slice CT in symptomatic patients after coronary bypass surgery: evaluation of grafts and coronary arteries. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28:1879–1885.
156. Dikkers R, Willems TP, Tio RA, Anthonio RL, Zijlstra F, Oudkerk M. The benefit of 64-MDCT prior to invasive coronary angiography in symptomatic post-CABG patients. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2007; 23:369–377.
157. Hamon M, Lepage O, Malagutti P, Riddell JW, Morello R, Agostini D, et al. Diagnostic performance of 16- and 64-section spiral CT for coronary artery bypass graft assessment: meta-analysis. Radiology. 2008; 247:679–686.
158. Meyer TS, Martinoff S, Hadamitzky M, Will A, Kastrati A, Schömig A, et al. Improved noninvasive assessment of coronary artery bypass grafts with 64-slice computed tomographic angiography in an unselected patient population. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 49:946–950.
159. Ropers D, Pohle FK, Kuettner A, Pflederer T, Anders K, Daniel WG, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive coronary angiography in patients after bypass surgery using 64-slice spiral computed tomography with 330-ms gantry rotation. Circulation. 2006; 114:2334–2341. quiz 2334.
160. Jones CM, Athanasiou T, Dunne N, Kirby J, Aziz O, Haq A, et al. Multi-detector computed tomography in coronary artery bypass graft assessment: a meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007; 83:341–348.
161. Sun Z, Almutairi AM. Diagnostic accuracy of 64 multislice CT angiography in the assessment of coronary in-stent restenosis: a meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol. 2010; 73:266–273.
162. Sun Z, Davidson R, Lin CH. Multi-detector row CT angiography in the assessment of coronary in-stent restenosis: a systematic review. Eur J Radiol. 2009; 69:489–495.
163. Kumbhani DJ, Ingelmo CP, Schoenhagen P, Curtin RJ, Flamm SD, Desai MY. Meta-analysis of diagnostic efficacy of 64-slice computed tomography in the evaluation of coronary in-stent restenosis. Am J Cardiol. 2009; 103:1675–1681.
164. Mowatt G, Cummins E, Waugh N, Walker S, Cook J, Jia X, et al. Systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of 64-slice or higher computed tomography angiography as an alternative to invasive coronary angiography in the investigation of coronary artery disease. Health Technol Assess. 2008; 12:iii–iv. ix–143.
165. Vanhoenacker PK, Decramer I, Bladt O, Sarno G, Van Hul E, Wijns W, et al. Multidetector computed tomography angiography for assessment of in-stent restenosis: meta-analysis of diagnostic performance. BMC Med Imaging. 2008; 8:14.
166. Hamon M, Champ-Rigot L, Morello R, Riddell JW, Hamon M. Diagnostic accuracy of in-stent coronary restenosis detection with multislice spiral computed tomography: a meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2008; 18:217–225.
167. Alderman EL, Kip KE, Whitlow PL, Bashore T, Fortin D, Bourassa MG, et al. Native coronary disease progression exceeds failed revascularization as cause of angina after five years in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 44:766–774.
168. Seung KB, Park DW, Kim YH, Lee SW, Lee CW, Hong MK, et al. Stents versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for left main coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358:1781–1792.
169. Chieffo A, Stankovic G, Bonizzoni E, Tsagalou E, Iakovou I, Montorfano M, et al. Early and mid-term results of drug-eluting stent implantation in unprotected left main. Circulation. 2005; 111:791–795.
170. Valgimigli M, van Mieghem CA, Ong AT, Aoki J, Granillo GA, McFadden EP, et al. Short- and long-term clinical outcome after drug-eluting stent implantation for the percutaneous treatment of left main coronary artery disease: insights from the Rapamycin-Eluting and Taxus Stent Evaluated At Rotterdam Cardiology Hospital registries (RESEARCH and T-SEARCH). Circulation. 2005; 111:1383–1389.
171. Serruys PW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP, Colombo A, Holmes DR, Mack MJ, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360:961–972.
172. Kappetein AP, Feldman TE, Mack MJ, Morice MC, Holmes DR, Ståhle E, et al. Comparison of coronary bypass surgery with drug-eluting stenting for the treatment of left main and/or three-vessel disease: 3-year follow-up of the SYNTAX trial. Eur Heart J. 2011; 32:2125–2134.
173. Baim DS. Is it time to offer elective percutaneous treatment of the unprotected left main coronary artery? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35:1551–1553.
174. Takagi T, Stankovic G, Finci L, Toutouzas K, Chieffo A, Spanos V, et al. Results and long-term predictors of adverse clinical events after elective percutaneous interventions on unprotected left main coronary artery. Circulation. 2002; 106:698–702.
175. Price MJ, Cristea E, Sawhney N, Kao JA, Moses JW, Leon MB, et al. Serial angiographic follow-up of sirolimus-eluting stents for unprotected left main coronary artery revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 47:871–877.
176. Smith SC Jr, Feldman TE, Hirshfeld JW Jr, Jacobs AK, Kern MJ, King SB 3rd, et al. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/SCAI Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 47:e1–e121.
177. Van Mieghem CA, Cademartiri F, Mollet NR, Malagutti P, Valgimigli M, Meijboom WB, et al. Multislice spiral computed tomography for the evaluation of stent patency after left main coronary artery stenting: a comparison with conventional coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound. Circulation. 2006; 114:645–653.
178. Veselka J, Cadova P, Tomasov P, Theodor A, Zemanek D. Dual-source CT angiography for detection and quantification of in-stent restenosis in the left main coronary artery: comparison with intracoronary ultrasound and coronary angiography. J Invasive Cardiol. 2011; 23:460–464.
179. Kim SY, Seo JB, Do KH, Heo JN, Lee JS, Song JW, et al. Coronary artery anomalies: classification and ECG-gated multi-detector row CT findings with angiographic correlation. Radiographics. 2006; 26:317–333. discussion 333-334.
180. Kang JW, Seo JB, Chae EJ, Jang YM, Do KH, Lee JS, et al. Coronary artery anomalies: classification and electrocardiogram-gated multidetector computed tomographic findings. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2008; 29:182–194.
181. Zenooz NA, Habibi R, Mammen L, Finn JP, Gilkeson RC. Coronary artery fistulas: CT findings. Radiographics. 2009; 29:781–789.
182. Peña E, Nguyen ET, Merchant N, Dennie G. ALCAPA syndrome: not just a pediatric disease. Radiographics. 2009; 29:553–565.
183. Cademartiri F, La Grutta L, Malagò R, Alberghina F, Meijboom WB, Pugliese F, et al. Prevalence of anatomical variants and coronary anomalies in 543 consecutive patients studied with 64-slice CT coronary angiography. Eur Radiol. 2008; 18:781–791.
184. Kacmaz F, Ozbulbul NI, Alyan O, Maden O, Demir AD, Balbay Y, et al. Imaging of coronary artery anomalies: the role of multidetector computed tomography. Coron Artery Dis. 2008; 19:203–209.
185. Schmid M, Achenbach S, Ludwig J, Baum U, Anders K, Pohle K, et al. Visualization of coronary artery anomalies by contrast-enhanced multi-detector row spiral computed tomography. Int J Cardiol. 2006; 111:430–435.
186. Datta J, White CS, Gilkeson RC, Meyer CA, Kansal S, Jani ML, et al. Anomalous coronary arteries in adults: depiction at multi-detector row CT angiography. Radiology. 2005; 235:812–818.
187. Lee HJ, Hong YJ, Kim HY, Lee J, Hur J, Choi BW, et al. Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left coronary sinus with an interarterial course: subtypes and clinical importance. Radiology. 2012; 262:101–108.
188. Zhang LJ, Wu SY, Huang W, Zhou CS, Lu GM. Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery originating from the left coronary sinus of valsalva with an interarterial course: diagnosis and dynamic evaluation using dual-source computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2009; 33:348–353.
189. Maldonado JA, Henry T, Gutiérrez FR. Congenital thoracic vascular anomalies. Radiol Clin North Am. 2010; 48:85–115.
190. Schertler T, Wildermuth S, Teodorovic N, Mayer D, Marincek B, Boehm T. Visualization of congenital thoracic vascular anomalies using multi-detector row computed tomography and two- and three-dimensional post-processing. Eur J Radiol. 2007; 61:97–119.
191. Lawler LP, Fishman EK. Multi-detector row CT of thoracic disease with emphasis on 3D volume rendering and CT angiography. Radiographics. 2001; 21:1257–1273.
192. Nicol ED, Gatzoulis M, Padley SP, Rubens M. Assessment of adult congenital heart disease with multi-detector computed tomography: beyond coronary lumenography. Clin Radiol. 2007; 62:518–527.
193. Leschka S, Oechslin E, Husmann L, Desbiolles L, Marincek B, Genoni M, et al. Pre- and postoperative evaluation of congenital heart disease in children and adults with 64-section CT. Radiographics. 2007; 27:829–846.
194. Samyn MM. A review of the complementary information available with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and multi-slice computed tomography (CT) during the study of congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2004; 20:569–578.
195. Hughes D Jr, Siegel MJ. Computed tomography of adult congenital heart disease. Radiol Clin North Am. 2010; 48:817–835.
196. Wiant A, Nyberg E, Gilkeson RC. CT evaluation of congenital heart disease in adults. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009; 193:388–396.
197. Tomasian A, Malik S, Shamsa K, Krishnam MS. Congenital heart diseases: post-operative appearance on multi-detector CT-a pictorial essay. Eur Radiol. 2009; 19:2941–2949.
198. Spevak PJ, Johnson PT, Fishman EK. Surgically corrected congenital heart disease: utility of 64-MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008; 191:854–861.
199. Hayabuchi Y, Mori K, Kitagawa T, Sakata M, Kagami S. Polytetrafluoroethylene graft calcification in patients with surgically repaired congenital heart disease: evaluation using multidetector-row computed tomography. Am Heart J. 2007; 153:806.e1–806.e8.
200. Cook SC, Dyke PC 2nd, Raman SV. Management of adults with congenital heart disease with cardiovascular computed tomography. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2008; 2:12–22.
201. Kim SS, Ko SM, Song MG, Kim JS. Assessment of global function of left ventricle with dual-source CT in patients with severe arrhythmia: a comparison with the use of two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010; 26:Suppl 2. 213–221.
202. Ko SM, Kim YJ, Park JH, Choi NM. Assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction and regional wall motion with 64-slice multidetector CT: a comparison with two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. Br J Radiol. 2010; 83:28–34.
203. Juergens KU, Fischbach R. Left ventricular function studied with MDCT. Eur Radiol. 2006; 16:342–357.
204. van der Vleuten PA, Willems TP, Götte MJ, Tio RA, Greuter MJ, Zijlstra F, et al. Quantification of global left ventricular function: comparison of multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. a meta-analysis and review of the current literature. Acta Radiol. 2006; 47:1049–1057.
205. Greupner J, Zimmermann E, Grohmann A, Dübel HP, Althoff TF, Borges AC, et al. Head-to-head comparison of left ventricular function assessment with 64-row computed tomography, biplane left cineventriculography, and both 2- and 3-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging as the reference standard. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012; 59:1897–1907.
206. Bak SH, Ko SM, Jeon HJ, Yang HS, Hwang HK, Song MG. Assessment of global left ventricular function with dual-source computed tomography in patients with valvular heart disease. Acta Radiol. 2012; 53:270–277.
207. Guo YK, Yang ZG, Ning G, Rao L, Dong L, Pen Y, et al. Sixty-four-slice multidetector computed tomography for preoperative evaluation of left ventricular function and mass in patients with mitral regurgitation: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography. Eur Radiol. 2009; 19:2107–2116.
208. Shudo Y, Taniguchi K, Takeda K, Sakaguchi T, Funatsu T, Kondoh H, et al. Serial multidetector computed tomography assessment of left ventricular reverse remodeling, mass, and regional wall stress after restrictive mitral annuloplasty in dilated cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012; 143:4 Suppl. S43–S47.
209. Boogers MJ, van Werkhoven JM, Schuijf JD, Delgado V, El-Naggar HM, Boersma E, et al. Feasibility of diastolic function assessment with cardiac CT: feasibility study in comparison with tissue Doppler imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011; 4:246–256.
210. Seneviratne SK, Truong QA, Bamberg F, Rogers IS, Shapiro MD, Schlett CL, et al. Incremental diagnostic value of regional left ventricular function over coronary assessment by cardiac computed tomography for the detection of acute coronary syndrome in patients with acute chest pain: from the ROMICAT trial. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010; 3:375–383.
211. Guo YK, Gao HL, Zhang XC, Wang QL, Yang ZG, Ma ES. Accuracy and reproducibility of assessing right ventricular function with 64-section multi-detector row CT: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiol. 2010; 139:254–262.
212. Maffei E, Messalli G, Martini C, Nieman K, Catalano O, Rossi A, et al. Left and right ventricle assessment with Cardiac CT: validation study vs. Cardiac MR. Eur Radiol. 2012; 22:1041–1049.
213. Sugeng L, Mor-Avi V, Weinert L, Niel J, Ebner C, Steringer-Mascherbauer R, et al. Multimodality comparison of quantitative volumetric analysis of the right ventricle. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010; 3:10–18.
214. Bomma C, Dalal D, Tandri H, Prakasa K, Nasir K, Roguin A, et al. Evolving role of multidetector computed tomography in evaluation of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2007; 100:99–105.
215. Kimura F, Matsuo Y, Nakajima T, Nishikawa T, Kawamura S, Sannohe S, et al. Myocardial fat at cardiac imaging: how can we differentiate pathologic from physiologic fatty infiltration. Radiographics. 2010; 30:1587–1602.
216. Mahnken AH, Jost G, Bruners P, Sieber M, Seidensticker PR, Günther RW, et al. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) evaluation of myocardial viability: intraindividual comparison of monomeric vs. dimeric contrast media in a rabbit model. Eur Radiol. 2009; 19:290–297.
217. Goetti R, Feuchtner G, Stolzmann P, Donati OF, Wieser M, Plass A, et al. Delayed enhancement imaging of myocardial viability: low-dose high-pitch CT versus MRI. Eur Radiol. 2011; 21:2091–2099.
218. Krombach GA, Niendorf T, Günther RW, Mahnken AH. Characterization of myocardial viability using MR and CT imaging. Eur Radiol. 2007; 17:1433–1444.
219. Nikolaou K, Sanz J, Poon M, Wintersperger BJ, Ohnesorge B, Rius T, et al. Assessment of myocardial perfusion and viability from routine contrast-enhanced 16-detector-row computed tomography of the heart: preliminary results. Eur Radiol. 2005; 15:864–871.
220. Rodriguez-Granillo GA, Rosales MA, Baum S, Rennes P, Rodriguez-Pagani C, Curotto V, et al. Early assessment of myocardial viability by the use of delayed enhancement computed tomography after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009; 2:1072–1081.
221. Sato A, Hiroe M, Nozato T, Hikita H, Ito Y, Ohigashi H, et al. Early validation study of 64-slice multidetector computed tomography for the assessment of myocardial viability and the prediction of left ventricular remodelling after acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2008; 29:490–498.
222. Thilo C, Hanley M, Bastarrika G, Ruzsics B, Schoepf UJ. Integrative computed tomographic imaging of cardiac structure, function, perfusion, and viability. Cardiol Rev. 2010; 18:219–229.
223. Ghoshhajra BB, Maurovich-Horvat P, Techasith T, Medina HM, Verdini D, Sidhu MS, et al. Infarct detection with a comprehensive cardiac CT protocol. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2012; 6:14–23.
224. Leborgne L, Choplin Y, Renard C, Claeys M, Levy F, Jarry G, et al. Quantification of aortic valve area with ECG-gated multi-detector spiral computed tomography in patients with aortic stenosis and comparison of two image analysis methods. Int J Cardiol. 2009; 135:266–269.
225. Shah RG, Novaro GM, Blandon RJ, Whiteman MS, Asher CR, Kirsch J. Aortic valve area: meta-analysis of diagnostic performance of multi-detector computed tomography for aortic valve area measurements as compared to transthoracic echocardiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009; 25:601–609.
226. LaBounty TM, Glasofer S, Devereux RB, Lin FY, Weinsaft JW, Min JK. Comparison of cardiac computed tomographic angiography to transesophageal echocardiography for evaluation of patients with native valvular heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2009; 104:1421–1428.
227. Ko SM, Song MG, Hwang HK. Bicuspid aortic valve: spectrum of imaging findings at cardiac MDCT and cardiovascular MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012; 198:89–97.
228. Chen JJ, Manning MA, Frazier AA, Jeudy J, White CS. CT angiography of the cardiac valves: normal, diseased, and postoperative appearances. Radiographics. 2009; 29:1393–1412.
229. Stolzmann P, Knight J, Desbiolles L, Maier W, Scheffel H, Plass A, et al. Remodelling of the aortic root in severe tricuspid aortic stenosis: implications for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Eur Radiol. 2009; 19:1316–1323.
230. Smíd M, Ferda J, Baxa J, Cech J, Hájek T, Kreuzberg B, et al. Aortic annulus and ascending aorta: comparison of preoperative and periooperative measurement in patients with aortic stenosis. Eur J Radiol. 2010; 74:152–155.
231. Delgado V, Ng AC, van de Veire NR, van der Kley F, Schuijf JD, Tops LF, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: role of multi-detector row computed tomography to evaluate prosthesis positioning and deployment in relation to valve function. Eur Heart J. 2010; 31:1114–1123.
232. Jilaihawi H, Kashif M, Fontana G, Furugen A, Shiota T, Friede G, et al. Cross-sectional computed tomographic assessment improves accuracy of aortic annular sizing for transcatheter aortic valve replacement and reduces the incidence of paravalvular aortic regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012; 59:1275–1286.
233. Willson AB, Webb JG, Labounty TM, Achenbach S, Moss R, Wheeler M, et al. 3-dimensional aortic annular assessment by multidetector computed tomography predicts moderate or severe paravalvular regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a multicenter retrospective analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012; 59:1287–1294.
234. Feuchtner GM, Alkadhi H, Karlo C, Sarwar A, Meier A, Dichtl W, et al. Cardiac CT angiography for the diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse: comparison with echocardiography. Radiology. 2010; 254:374–383.
235. Delgado V, Tops LF, Schuijf JD, de Roos A, Brugada J, Schalij MJ, et al. Assessment of mitral valve anatomy and geometry with multislice computed tomography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009; 2:556–565.
236. Deng W, Yang ZG, Peng LQ, Dong ZH, Chu ZG, Wang QL. Morphological and dynamic features of normal mitral valve evaluated by dual-source computed tomography. Int J Cardiol. 2010; 145:633–636.
237. Symersky P, Budde RP, de Mol BA, Prokop M. Comparison of multidetector-row computed tomography to echocardiography and fluoroscopy for evaluation of patients with mechanical prosthetic valve obstruction. Am J Cardiol. 2009; 104:1128–1134.
238. Tsai IC, Lin YK, Chang Y, Fu YC, Wang CC, Hsieh SR, et al. Correctness of multi-detector-row computed tomography for diagnosing mechanical prosthetic heart valve disorders using operative findings as a gold standard. Eur Radiol. 2009; 19:857–867.
239. Habets J, Symersky P, van Herwerden LA, de Mol BA, Spijkerboer AM, Mali WP, et al. Prosthetic heart valve assessment with multidetector-row CT: imaging characteristics of 91 valves in 83 patients. Eur Radiol. 2011; 21:1390–1396.
240. Goldstein SA, Taylor AJ, Wang Z, Weigold WG. Prosthetic mitral valve thrombosis: cardiac CT, 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiogram, and pathology correlation. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2010; 4:221–223.
241. Teshima H, Hayashida N, Fukunaga S, Tayama E, Kawara T, Aoyagi S, et al. Usefulness of a multidetector-row computed tomography scanner for detecting pannus formation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004; 77:523–526.
242. Kim EY, Choe YH, Sung K, Park SW, Kim JH, Ko YH. Multidetector CT and MR imaging of cardiac tumors. Korean J Radiol. 2009; 10:164–175.
243. Anavekar NS, Bonnichsen CR, Foley TA, Morris MF, Martinez MW, Williamson EE, et al. Computed tomography of cardiac pseudotumors and neoplasms. Radiol Clin North Am. 2010; 48:799–816.
244. Hur J, Kim YJ, Lee HJ, Nam JE, Ha JW, Heo JH, et al. Dual-enhanced cardiac CT for detection of left atrial appendage thrombus in patients with stroke: a prospective comparison study with transesophageal echocardiography. Stroke. 2011; 42:2471–2477.
245. Hur J, Kim YJ, Lee HJ, Ha JW, Heo JH, Choi EY, et al. Left atrial appendage thrombi in stroke patients: detection with two-phase cardiac CT angiography versus transesophageal echocardiography. Radiology. 2009; 251:683–690.
246. Verhaert D, Gabriel RS, Johnston D, Lytle BW, Desai MY, Klein AL. The role of multimodality imaging in the management of pericardial disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010; 3:333–343.
247. Suh SY, Rha SW, Kim JW, Park CG, Seo HS, Oh DJ, et al. The usefulness of three-dimensional multidetector computed tomography to delineate pericardial calcification in constrictive pericarditis. Int J Cardiol. 2006; 113:414–416.
248. Song H, Choi YW, Jang IS, Jeon SC, Park CK, Lee IS, et al. Pericardium: anatomy and spectrum of disease on computed tomography. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2002; 31:198–209.
249. Oren RM, Grover-McKay M, Stanford W, Weiss RM. Accurate preoperative diagnosis of pericardial constriction using cine computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 22:832–838.
250. Chyou JY, Biviano A, Magno P, Garan H, Einstein AJ. Applications of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in percutaneous ablation therapy for atrial fibrillation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2009; 26:47–57.
251. Hemminger EJ, Girsky MJ, Budoff MJ. Applications of computed tomography in clinical cardiac electrophysiology. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2007; 1:131–142.
252. Saremi F, Tafti M. The role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in ablation procedures for treatment of atrial fibrillation. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2009; 30:125–156.
253. Abbara S, Cury RC, Nieman K, Reddy V, Moselewski F, Schmidt S, et al. Noninvasive evaluation of cardiac veins with 16-MDCT angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005; 185:1001–1006.
254. Jongbloed MR, Lamb HJ, Bax JJ, Schuijf JD, de Roos A, van der Wall EE, et al. Noninvasive visualization of the cardiac venous system using multislice computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 45:749–753.
255. Tada H, Kurosaki K, Naito S, Koyama K, Itoi K, Ito S, et al. Three-dimensional visualization of the coronary venous system using multidetector row computed tomography. Circ J. 2005; 69:165–170.
256. Gilkeson RC, Markowitz AH, Ciancibello L. Multisection CT evaluation of the reoperative cardiac surgery patient. Radiographics. 2003; 23(Spec No):S3–S17.
257. Aviram G, Sharony R, Kramer A, Nesher N, Loberman D, Ben-Gal Y, et al. Modification of surgical planning based on cardiac multidetector computed tomography in reoperative heart surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005; 79:589–595.
258. Kamdar AR, Meadows TA, Roselli EE, Gorodeski EZ, Curtin RJ, Sabik JF, et al. Multidetector computed tomographic angiography in planning of reoperative cardiothoracic surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008; 85:1239–1245.
259. Khan NU, Yonan N. Does preoperative computed tomography reduce the risks associated with re-do cardiac surgery? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009; 9:119–123.
260. Quaife RA, Chen MY, Kim M, Klein AJ, Jehle A, Kay J, et al. Pre-procedural planning for percutaneous atrial septal defect closure: transesophageal echocardiography compared with cardiac computed tomographic angiography. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2010; 4:330–338.
261. Goo HW, Park IS, Ko JK, Kim YH, Seo DM, Park JJ. Computed tomography for the diagnosis of congenital heart disease in pediatric and adult patients. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2005; 21:347–365. discussion 367.
262. Goo HW. Cardiac MDCT in children: CT technology overview and interpretation. Radiol Clin North Am. 2011; 49:997–1010.
263. Kawano T, Ishii M, Takagi J, Maeno Y, Eto G, Sugahara Y, et al. Three-dimensional helical computed tomographic angiography in neonates and infants with complex congenital heart disease. Am Heart J. 2000; 139:654–660.
264. Khatri S, Varma SK, Khatri P, Kumar RS. 64-slice multidetector-row computed tomographic angiography for evaluating congenital heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 2008; 29:755–762.
265. Juan CC, Hwang B, Lee PC, Meng CC. Diagnostic application of multidetector-row computed tomographic coronary angiography to assess coronary abnormalities in pediatric patients: comparison with invasive coronary angiography. Pediatr Neonatol. 2011; 52:208–213.
266. Goo HW, Yang DH. Coronary artery visibility in free-breathing young children with congenital heart disease on cardiac 64-slice CT: dual-source ECG-triggered sequential scan vs. single-source non-ECG-synchronized spiral scan. Pediatr Radiol. 2010; 40:1670–1680.
267. Kim YM, Yoo SJ, Kim TH, Park IS, Kim WH, Lee JY, et al. Three-dimensional computed tomography in children with compression of the central airways complicating congenital heart disease. Cardiol Young. 2002; 12:44–50.
268. Burns JC, Kushner HI, Bastian JF, Shike H, Shimizu C, Matsubara T, et al. Kawasaki disease: a brief history. Pediatrics. 2000; 106:E27.
269. Kawasaki T. [Acute febrile mucocutaneous syndrome with lymphoid involvement with specific desquamation of the fingers and toes in children]. Arerugi. 1967; 16:178–222.
270. Park YW, Han JW, Park IS, Kim CH, Cha SH, Ma JS, et al. Kawasaki disease in Korea, 2003-2005. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007; 26:821–823.
271. Kanamaru H, Sato Y, Takayama T, Ayusawa M, Karasawa K, Sumitomo N, et al. Assessment of coronary artery abnormalities by multislice spiral computed tomography in adolescents and young adults with Kawasaki disease. Am J Cardiol. 2005; 95:522–525.
272. Sato Y, Kato M, Inoue F, Fukui T, Imazeki T, Mitsui M, et al. Detection of coronary artery aneurysms, stenoses and occlusions by multislice spiral computed tomography in adolescents with kawasaki disease. Circ J. 2003; 67:427–430.
273. Sato Y, Tani S, Kunimasa T, Komatsu S, Matsumoto N, Imazeki T, et al. Multidetector-row computed tomography diagnosis of coronary artery aneurysms and collateral vessel after Kawasaki disease in an adult. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2006; 7:243–245.
274. Sohn S, Kim HS, Lee SW. Multidetector row computed tomography for follow-up of patients with coronary artery aneurysms due to Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 2004; 25:35–39.
275. Wu MT, Hsieh KS, Lin CC, Yang CF, Pan HB. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Evaluation of coronary artery aneurysms in Kawasaki disease by multislice computed tomographic coronary angiography. Circulation. 2004; 110:e339.
276. Carbone I, Cannata D, Algeri E, Galea N, Napoli A, De Zorzi A, et al. Adolescent Kawasaki disease: usefulness of 64-slice CT coronary angiography for follow-up investigation. Pediatr Radiol. 2011; 41:1165–1173.
277. Peng Y, Zeng J, Du Z, Sun G, Guo H. Usefulness of 64-slice MDCT for follow-up of young children with coronary artery aneurysm due to Kawasaki disease: initial experience. Eur J Radiol. 2009; 69:500–509.
278. Arnold R, Ley S, Ley-Zaporozhan J, Eichhorn J, Schenk JP, Ulmer H, et al. Visualization of coronary arteries in patients after childhood Kawasaki syndrome: value of multidetector CT and MR imaging in comparison to conventional coronary catheterization. Pediatr Radiol. 2007; 37:998–1006.