J Bacteriol Virol.  2015 Sep;45(3):179-188. 10.4167/jbv.2015.45.3.179.

Influence of the Host Factors on Human Papillomavirus Infection and Vaccine Efficacy

• Sohn SH
• Nam JH

• KMID: 2068733
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2015.45.3.179

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with cervical cell changes, genital warts, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, laryngeal papillomatosis, head and neck cancer, and cervical cancer. Two commercial HPV vaccines have successfully been made available in the clinical field. This review covers the progress of cervical disease by understanding the nature of HPV infection, as well as the relationship between the host factors and HPV vaccine effectiveness. Among these host factors, microbiota has been revealed to influence the development and function of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Therefore, the composition of the microbiome may ultimately affect vaccine efficacy. Understating the relationship between host factors and HPV infection/vaccine efficacy may prove to be useful in earlier diagnosis, as well as disease prophylaxis.

Keyword

HPV; Vaccine efficacy; Probiotics; Microbiota

MeSH Terms

Condylomata Acuminata
Diagnosis
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Humans*
Immune System
Microbiota
Papilloma
Papillomavirus Infections*
Papillomavirus Vaccines
Probiotics
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Papillomavirus Vaccines

Figure

• 

  Figure 1. A schematic diagram of a possible mode of the oncogenic action of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV infection into a host tissue leads to oncogenic processes. HPV E5 protein suppresses the expression of MHC class I and antigen processing. HPV E6 protein binds p53 tumor suppressor protein and this binding blocks p53 defense mechanisms, as well as p53-induced antiviral activity (down-regulates the expression of the antiviral interferon-related genes and the transcription factor NF-κB), through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of the infected cell by degradation of p53 via ubiquitination. HPV E7 protein binds pRb cell cycle regulatory protein, which can block cell cycle arrest by degradation of Rb via ubiquitination. Therefore, these proteins play roles in tumor promotion. These HPV E5, E6, and E7 proteins are able to impair the innate and acquired immune response, which play roles in the evasion of the host immune system. MHC class I, major histcompatibility complex class I; pRb, retinoblastoma protein; Ag, antigen; IFN, interferon gamma; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB.

• 

  Figure 2. A schematic diagram of possible mode for the relationship between the microbiota and the immune system in the intestinal lamina propria. The microbiota is composed of a variety of bacteria with different characters. The microbiota influence the development and function of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. The intestinal microflora has TLR5 ligans such as flagellin. TLR5 signaling stimulates CD11bhigh CD11chigh DCs, which can catalyze the conversion of vitamin A to retinoic acid; this causes B cells to differentiate into IgA producing plasma cells. Secreted IgA regulates the ecological balance of microbiota, which regulates the composition and character of microbiota. Ultimately, IgA induces compartmentalization of the microbiota to the intestinal lumen, and it contributes to protection from viral infections. HPV, human papillomavirus; TLR5, toll like receptor 5; DC, dendritic cell; IgA, immunoglobulin A; Raldh2, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2.

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