J Korean Acad Prosthodont.  2014 Jan;52(1):9-17. 10.4047/jkap.2014.52.1.9.

On the osseointegration of zirconia and titanium implants installed at defect site filled with xenograft material

• Kim SW
• Cho IH

• KMID: 2000142
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4047/jkap.2014.52.1.9

Abstract

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to compare zirconia implants with titanium implants from the view point of biomechanical stability and histologic response on osseointegration when those were placed with xenograft materials.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Specimens were divided into two groups; the control group was experimented with eighteen titanium implants which had anodized surface and the experimental group was experimented with eighteen sandblasted zirconia (Y-TZP) implants. At the tibias of six pigs, implants were installed into bone defect sites prepared surgically and treated with resorbable membranes and bovine bone. Two pigs were sacrificed after 1, 4 and 12 weeks respectively. Each implant site was sampled and processed for histologic and histomorphometric analysis. The stability of implants was evaluated with a Periotes(R). And the interfaces between bone and the implant were observed with a scanning electron microscope.
RESULTS
In stability analysis there was no significant difference between Periotest values of the control group and the experimental group. In histologic analysis with a light microscope after 4 weeks, there was new bone formation with the resorption of bovine bone and the active synthesis of osteoblasts in both groups. In bone-implant contact percentage there was significant difference between both groups (P<.05). In bone area percentage there was no significant difference between both groups. In analysis of both groups with a scanning electron microscope there was a gap between bone and a surface at 4 weeks and it was filled up with bone formed newly at 12 weeks.
CONCLUSION
When accompanied by xenograft using membrane, bone to implant contact percentage of zirconia implants used in this experiment was significantly less than that of the titanium implants by surface treatment of anodic oxidation. So, it is considered that the improvement of zirconia implant is needed through ongoing research on surface treatment methods for its practical use.

Keyword

Zirconia; Xenograft; Bone to implant contact percentage; Bone area percentage

MeSH Terms

Heterografts*
Membranes
Methods
Osseointegration*
Osteoblasts
Osteogenesis
Swine
Tibia
Titanium*
Titanium

Figure

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  Fig. 1. Pictures of the titanium (A) and the zirconia (B) implant.

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  Fig. 2. Surgically prepared bone defect site.

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  Fig. 3. Implants placed with xenograft material.

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  Fig. 4. Schematic drawing of the titanium implant at the bone defect site filled with bovine bone. The zirconia implant was installed in the same manner without placing the healing abutment.

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  Fig. 5. A light micrograph of the control group taken 1 week after insertion of the implant (H-E staining; ×200). Bovine bone particles (arrow) were observed on the periphery of the threads.

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  Fig. 6. A light micrograph of the control group taken 4 weeks after insertion of the implant (H-E staining; ×200). Osteoclasts (OC), osteoblasts (OB), osteoid (OS).

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  Fig. 7. A light micrograph of the experimental group taken 4 weeks after insertion of the implant (H-E staining; ×100) A lattice of newly formed bone was approaching the implant from the bone.

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  Fig. 8. A light micrograph of the control group taken 12 weeks after insertion of the implant (H-E staining; ×100). Scattered osteocytes were surrounded by the mineralized bone matrix. Remodelling was evident by formation of Harversian systems.

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  Fig. 9. A light micrograph of the experimental group taken 12 weeks after insertion of the implant (H-E staining; ×100). In this specimen there were only minor signs of bone remodelling.

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  Fig. 10. Bone to implant contact percentage of each group. ∗ represents significant difference between groups (P<.05).

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  Fig. 11. Bone area percentage of each group.

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  Fig. 12. Scanning electron micrographs of the implant surface (×10,000). A: The rough surface with regular sized pores on titanium. B: The surface with amorphous irregular crystal microstructure on zirconia.

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  Fig. 13. Scanning electron micrographs of the interface between bone and implant surface at 12 weeks (A: control group, ×10,000, B: experimental group, ×2,000). A: collagen fiber (CF), titanium implant (Ti), bone (B), B: zirconia implant (Zr).

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