1. Moyers RE. Handbook of orthodontics for the student and general practitioner. 1973. 3rd ed. Chicago, London, Boca Raton: Year Book Medical Publishers.
2. Hawley CA. A removable retainer. Int J Orthod Oral Surg. 1919; 2:291–298.
Article
3. Sheridan JJ, Ledoux W, Mcminn R. Essix retainers: fabrication and supervision for permanent retention. J Clin Orthod. 1993; 27:37–45. PMID:
8478438.
4. Proffit WR. Proffit WR, Fields HW, editors. Retention. Contemporary orthodontics. 1993. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book;p. 617–631.
5. Reitan K. Principles of retention and avoidance of posttreatment relapse. Am J Orthod. 1969; 55:776–790. PMID:
4890739.
Article
6. Bearn DR. Bonded orthodontic retainers: a review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995; 108:207–213. PMID:
7625397.
Article
7. Haydar B, Karabulut G, Ozkan S, Aksoy AU, Ciğer S. Effects of retainers on the articulation of speech. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996; 110:535–540. PMID:
8922513.
Article
8. Başçiftçi FA, Uysal T, Sari Z, Inan O. Occlusal contacts with different retention procedures in 1-year follow-up period. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007; 131:357–362. PMID:
17346591.
Article
9. Hichens L, Rowland H, Williams A, Hollinghurst S, Ewings P, Clark S, et al. Cost-effectiveness and patient satisfaction: Hawley and vacuum-formed retainers. Eur J Orthod. 2007; 29:372–378. PMID:
17702797.
Article
10. Sauget E, Covell DA Jr, Boero RP, Lieber WS. Comparison of occlusal contacts with use of Hawley and clear overlay retainers. Angle Orthod. 1997; 67:223–230. PMID:
9188967.
11. Lindauer SJ, Shoff RC. Comparison of Essix and Hawley retainers. J Clin Orthod. 1998; 32:95–97. PMID:
9709631.
12. Rowland H, Hichens L, Williams A, Hills D, Killingback N, Ewings P, et al. The effectiveness of Hawley and vacuum-formed retainers: a single-center randomized controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007; 132:730–737. PMID:
18068589.
Article
13. Little RM. The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment. Am J Orthod. 1975; 68:554–563. PMID:
1059332.
Article
14. Dahlberg G. Statistical methods for medical and biological students. 1940. New York: Interscience Publications.
15. Joondeph DR. Graber TM, Vanarsdall RL, editors. Retention and relapse. Orthodontics: current principles and techniques. 2000. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby;p. 985–1012.
16. Bayram M, Ozer M. Mandibular incisor extraction treatment of a class I malocclusion with bolton discrepancy: a case report. Eur J Dent. 2007; 1:54–59. PMID:
19212499.
Article
17. Ledvinka J. Vacuum-formed retainers more effective than Hawley retainers. Evid Based Dent. 2009; 10:47. PMID:
19561579.
Article
18. Barlin S, Smith R, Reed R, Sandy J, Ireland AJ. A retrospective randomized double-blind comparison study of the effectiveness of Hawley vs vacuum-formed retainers. Angle Orthod. 2011; 81:404–409. PMID:
21261482.
Article
19. Taner TU, Haydar B, Kavuklu I, Korkmaz A. Short-term effects of fiberotomy on relapse of anterior crowding. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000; 118:617–623. PMID:
11113795.
Article
20. Little RM, Wallen TR, Riedel RA. Stability and relapse of mandibular anterior alignment-first premolar extraction cases treated by traditional edgewise orthodontics. Am J Orthod. 1981; 80:349–365. PMID:
6945805.
Article
21. Sadowsky C, Sakols EI. Long-term assessment of orthodontic relapse. Am J Orthod. 1982; 82:456–463. PMID:
6961816.
Article
22. Little RM, Riedel RA, Artun J. An evaluation of changes in mandibular anterior alignment from 10 to 20 years postretention. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988; 93:423–428. PMID:
3163221.
Article
23. Shapiro PA. Mandibular dental arch form and dimension. Treatment and postretention changes. Am J Orthod. 1974; 66:58–70. PMID:
4525651.
24. Glenn G, Sinclair PM, Alexander RG. Nonextraction orthodontic therapy: posttreatment dental and skeletal stability. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987; 92:321–328. PMID:
3477951.
Article
25. Melrose C, Millett DT. Toward a perspective on orthodontic retention? Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998; 113:507–514. PMID:
9598608.
Article
26. Edman Tynelius G, Bondemark L, Lilja-karlander E. Evaluation of orthodontic treatment after 1 year of retention--a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Orthod. 2010; 32:542–547. PMID:
20080961.
Article
27. Al Yami EA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, van't Hof MA. Stability of orthodontic treatment outcome: follow-up until 10 years postretention. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999; 115:300–304. PMID:
10066979.
Article
28. Yavari J, Shrout MK, Russell CM, Haas AJ, Hamilton EH. Relapse in Angle Class II Division 1 Malocclusion treated by tandem mechanics without extraction of permanent teeth: A retrospective analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000; 118:34–42. PMID:
10893471.
Article
29. Littlewood SJ, Millett DT, Doubleday B, Bearn DR, Worthington HV. Orthodontic retention: a systematic review. J Orthod. 2006; 33:205–212. PMID:
16926314.
Article
30. Atack N, Harradine N, Sandy JR, Ireland AJ. Which way forward? Fixed or removable lower retainers. Angle Orthod. 2007; 77:954–959. PMID:
18004927.
Article