J Korean Acad Nurs.  2012 Apr;42(2):181-189. 10.4040/jkan.2012.42.2.181.

Breast Feeding Rates and Factors Influencing Breast Feeding Practice in Late Preterm Infants: Comparison with Preterm Born at Less than 34 Weeks of Gestational Age

• Jang GJ
• Lee SL
• Kim HM

• KMID: 1376059
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.2.181

Abstract

PURPOSE
This study was done to compare breast feeding rates and factors influencing feeding practice between late preterm (34< or =GA<37) and preterm infants (GA<34).
METHODS
A survey was done of 207 late preterm and 117 preterm infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) of 4 university hospitals in D city. Data were collected from July 2009 to June 2010 from 324 medical records in the NICU. Breast-feeding at home was checked either by telephone survey or questioning during hospital visits.
RESULTS
Rate of breast feeding for late preterm infants was significantly lower than for preterm infants. There was no significant difference in breast-feeding at home. We found differences in factors influencing breast feeding between the two groups. Factors influencing feeding for late preterm infants were type of delivery, mothers' occupation, feeding type during hospitalization, time elapse from hospital discharge, total admission days, infant's body weight at first feeding and length of NPO (nothing by mouth). Factors influencing feeding for preterm infants were birth order, maternal disease and obstetric complications, and one-minute Apgar score.
CONCLUSION
Results of the study show low rates of breast-feeding for late preterm infants indicating a need for breast-feeding education for mothers of these infants.

Keyword

Breast feeding; Premature infant; Gestational age

MeSH Terms

Body Weight
Breast Feeding/*statistics & numerical data
Female
Gestational Age
Humans
Infant, Newborn
Infant, Premature
Intensive Care Units, Neonatal
Interviews as Topic
Length of Stay
Male
Mothers/*psychology
Occupations
Time Factors

Reference

1. Adamkin D.H. Feeding problems in the late preterm infant. Clinics in Perinatology. 2006. 33:831–837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2006.09.003.

2. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral science. 1988. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

3. Colaizy T.T., Morriss F.H. Positive effect of NICU admission on breastfeeding of preterm US infants in 2000 to 2003. Journal of Perinatology. 2008. 28:505–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jp.2008.32.

4. Engle W.A. A recommendation for the definition of "late preterm" (near-term) and the birth weight-gestational age classification system. Seminars in Perinatology. 2006. 30:2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2006.01.007.

5. Espy K.A., Senn T.E. Incidence and correlates of breast milk feeding in hospitalized preterm infants. Social Science and Medicine. 2003. 57:1421–1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00542-7.

6. Flacking R., Nyqvist K.H., Ewald U., Wallin L. Long-term duration of breastfeeding in Swedish low birth weight infants. Journal of Human Lactation. 2003. 19:157–165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334403252563.

7. Howe T.H., Sheu C.F., Hinojosa J., Lin J., Holzman I.R. Multiple factors related to bottle-feeding performance in preterm infants. Nursing Research. 2007. 56:307–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.NNR.0000289498.99542.dd.

8. Hurst N.M., Meier P.P. Riordan J., Wambach K, editors. Breastfeeding the preterm infant. Breastfeeding and human lactation. 2009. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett;425–470.

9. Hwang W.J. The study on the factors determining breastfeeding rate and duration. 2004. Seoul: Yonsei University;Unpublished master's thesis.

10. Jacknowitz A. Increasing breastfeeding rates: Do changing demographics explain them? Women's Health Issues. 2007. 17:84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2007.02.010.

11. Jang G.J., Kim S.H. Effects of breast-feeding education and support services on breast-feeding rates and infant's growth. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2010. 40:277–286. http://dx.doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2010.40.2.277.

12. Jang G.J., Kim S.H., Jeong K.S. Effect of postpartum breast-feeding support by nurse on the breast-feeding prevalence. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2008. 38:172–179. http://dx.doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2008.38.1.172.

13. Jeong G.H. Effect of the nursing intervention program on promotion the breast-feeding practice in primipara. 1997. Seoul: Ewha Womans University;Unpublished doctoral dissertation.

14. Kim M.J. Readmission of late preterm infants after discharge from nursery. Korean Journal of Pediatrics. 2009. 52:888–892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2009.52.8.888.

15. Kim M.S., Kim J.U., An Y.M., Bae S.M., Kim M.J. The research on the breast feeding and its related factors of premature infant. Korean Journal of Child Health Nursing. 2003. 9:272–284.

16. Population projection for Korea by age (whole country). Korean Statistical Information Service. 2010. Retrieved December 30, 2010. from http://kosis.kr.

17. Lee C.H. Research on breast feeding pattern and related factors of premature infant's mother. 2006. Seoul: Korea University;Unpublished master's thesis.

18. Ludwig S.M. Oral feeding and the late preterm infant. Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews. 2007. 7:72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.nainr.2007.05.005.

19. Na J.Y., Park N., Kim E.S., Lee H.J., Shim G.H., Lee J.A., et al. Short-term clinical outcomes of late preterm infants. Korean Journal of Pediatrics. 2009. 52:303–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2009.52.3.303.

20. Nyqvist K.H. Genna C.W, editor. Breastfeeding preterm infants. Supporting sucking skills in breastfeeding infants. 2008. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett;153–180.

21. Park E.Y., Cho S.J., Lee K. Current understanding and practicesof breast feeding by mothers. Korean Journal of Pediatrics. 2005. 48:1162–1165.

22. Tomashek K.M., Shapiro-Mendoza C.K., Weiss J., Kotelchuck M., Barfield W., Evans S., et al. Early discharge among late preterm and term newborns and risk of neonatal morbidity. Seminars in Perinatology. 2006. 30:61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2006.02.003.

23. Walker M. Breastfeeding the late preterm infant. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 2008. 37:692–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00293.x.

24. Walker M. Clinics in human lactation, breastfeeding the late infant: Improving care and outcomes. 2009. Amarillo, TX: Hale.

25. Yeo J.H., Hong S.C. The study on the knowledge, attitude and practice rate on breast feeding. Journal of the Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health. 2003. 7:155–165.