J Vet Sci.  2010 Jun;11(2):133-142. 10.4142/jvs.2010.11.2.133.

Evaluation of infectivity and transmission of different Asian foot-and-mouth disease viruses in swine

• Pacheco JM
• Mason PW

• KMID: 1110860
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2010.11.2.133

Abstract

Most isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) display a broad host range. Since the late 1990s, the genetic lineage of PanAsia topotype FMDV serotype O has caused epidemics in the Far East, Africa, the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, and numerous other countries throughout Europe and Asia. In contrast, there are several FMDV isolates that exhibit a more restricted host range. A Cathay topotype isolate of FMDV serotype O from the 1997 epizootic in Taiwan (O/TAW/97) demonstrated restricted host specificity, only infecting swine. Methods used to evaluate infectivity and pathogenicity of FMDV isolates in cattle are well-documented, but there has been less progress studying transmission and pathogenicity of FMDV isolates in pigs. In previous studies designed to examine pathogenicity, various chimeric viruses derived from O/TAW/97 were intradermally inoculated in the heel bulb of pigs. Subsequent quantitative scoring of disease and evaluation of virus released into nasal secretions and blood was assessed. Here we prove the usefulness of this method in direct and contact inoculated pigs to evaluate infectivity, pathogenicity and transmission of different Asian FMDV isolates. Virus strains within the Cathay topotype were highly virulent in swine producing a synchronous disease in inoculated animals and were efficiently spread to in-contact naive pigs, while virus strains from the PanAsia topotype displayed more heterogeneous properties.

Keyword

Cathay topotype; FMDV; infectivity; PanAsia topotype; pathogenicity; pigs

MeSH Terms

Animals
Antibodies, Viral/blood
Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary
Foot-and-Mouth Disease/epidemiology/transmission/*virology
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/*pathogenicity
Host Specificity
Swine
Swine Diseases/epidemiology/transmission/*virology
Taiwan/epidemiology

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 (A) Intradermal inoculation in the heel bulb. The space between the two arrows marks the portion of the needle that lays within the dermis, approximately 1.2 cm. Inoculums were released while slowly removing the needle. (B and C) Replication of O/UKG/35/01 at the inoculation site 24 h after intradermal inoculation with 700 PFU/5 µL (1 and 2) and 70,000 PFU/5 µL (3 and 4). The presence of a vesicle (POS) indicates a positive result. The absence of a vesicle (NEG) indicates a negative result.

• 

  Fig. 2 Species specificity in primary bovine and porcine kidney cells (FBK and FPK, respectively) compared with BHK cells. TCID50/mL was estimated for each virus starting with 107 PFU/mL, as previously determined in BHK cells. The vertical bar and the extended bar illustrate the results from two independent experiments. The name of each virus and species of origin are described in Table 1. vCRM8 (a chimeric virus experimentally shown to be infectious in cattle and swine) was added as an internal positive control.

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  Fig. 3 Viremia, virus in nasal secretions, vesicular lesions and IgM titers in pigs directly inoculated with O/TAW/97 (left panels) or exposed to O/TAW/97 (right panels). *Indicates the day animals were euthanized to obtain samples for other studies.

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  Fig. 4 Viremia, virus in nasal secretions, vesicular lesions and IgM titers in pigs directly inoculated with O/HKN/21/70 (left panels) or exposed to O/HKN/21/70 (right panels). *Indicates the day animals were euthanized to obtain samples for other studies.

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  Fig. 5 Viremia, virus in nasal secretions, vesicular lesions and IgM titers in pigs directly inoculated with O/SKR/00 (left panels) or exposed to O/SKR/00 (right panels).

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  Fig. 6 Viremia, virus in nasal secretions, vesicular lesions and IgM titers in pigs directly inoculated with O/UKG/35/01 (left panels) or exposed to O/UKG/35/01 (right panels).

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  Fig. 7 Viremia, virus in nasal secretions, vesicular lesions and IgM titers in pigs directly inoculated with O/TAW/2/99 (left panels) or exposed to O/TAW/2/99 (right panels). *Indicates the day this animal was euthanized to obtain samples for other studies.

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  Fig. 8 Viremia, virus in nasal secretions, vesicular lesions and IgM titers in pigs directly inoculated with O/SAR/19/00 (left panels) or exposed to O/SAR/19/00 (right panels).

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