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It is well known that trigeminal nerve injury causes hyperexcitability in trigeminal ganglion neurons, which become sensitized. Long after trigeminal nerve damage, trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis and upper cervical spinal...
Trigeminal nerve injury as a consequence of lower third molar surgery is a notorious complication and may affect the patient in long term. Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and lingual nerve...
There has been a considerable increase in the number of patients with olfactory disorder due to head and facial injuries. Conventional olfactory function evaluation methods, such as T&T olfactometer, the...
Horner syndrome is characterized by miosis, partial blepharoptosis and anhidrosis on the affected side of the face. This syndrome develops when the oculosympathetic nerve pathways to the eye and face...
BACKGROUND: Neurosensory changes are frequently observed in the patients with mid-face fractures, and these symptoms are often caused by infraorbital nerve (ION) damage. Although ION damage is a relatively common...
OBJECTIVES: The interforminal region, between the mandibular foramen, is known as a relatively safe area that is free of anatomic structures, such as inferior alveolar nerve, submandibular fossa, and lingual...