Recent epidemiological studies have revealed that osteoporosis is closely associated with common chronic diseases including diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disorders, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is a chronic...

Study Design Prospective clinical study. Purpose To determine the optimal posture for instability evaluation using flexion–extension X-ray imaging in patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis. Overview of Literature Currently, flexion–extension X-ray imaging is the most practical approach...