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The anion gap in the serum is useful in the interpretation of acid-base disorders and in the diagnosis of other conditions. In the early 1980s, ion-selective electrodes for specific ionic...
D-Lactic acidosis has been well documented in ruminants. In humans, D-lactic acidosis is very rare, but D-lactic acidosis may be more common than generally believed and should be looked for...
In end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients regardless of dialysis modes, i.e. maintenance hemodialysis (HD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), potassium (K) homeostasis is regulated primarily via dialysis and extrarenal...
To produce a concentrated urine, the renal medulla needs hypertonicity for the reabsorption of free water from collecting duct. The single effect that increases interstitial tonicity in the outer medulla...
Tubulointerstitial (TI) fibrosis is a final common pathway to progressive renal injury of all forms of renal disease. However, once renal damage reaches a certain threshold, progression of renal disease...
The kidney is an important organ for controlling the volume of body fluids, electrolytic balance and excretion/reabsorption of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Among these renal functions, excretion/reabsorption of endogenous and...
Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized within the adult and developing kidney and plays a critical role in the regulation of renal hemodynamics and tubule function. In the adult kidney, the...
Nephrotic syndrome and liver cirrhosis are common clinical manifestations, and are associated with avid sodium retention leading to the development of edema and ascites. However, the mechanism for the sodium...