Obstet Gynecol Sci.  2025 Nov;68(6):491-502. 10.5468/ogs.25201.

Obstetric and perinatal outcomes in twin pregnancies conceived via assisted reproductive technology vs. spontaneous conception: a population-based cohort study

• Yu E
• Lee HJ
• Lee S
• Kim SC
• Joo JK

• KMID: 2573988
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5468/ogs.25201

Abstract

Objective
To compare obstetric and perinatal outcomes between assisted reproductive technology (ART)-conceived and spontaneously conceived twin pregnancies using a nationwide Korean cohort.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study used Korean National Health Insurance Service data from October 2017 to December 2021. Twin pregnancies were identified via International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision codes and classified by conception type based on embryo transfer procedure codes. Outcomes included miscarriage, preeclampsia, placenta previa, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), emergency cesarean section (CS), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and macrosomia. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs), controlling for maternal age and comorbidities. Subgroup analyses stratified by maternal age were also performed.
Results
Among 36,013 twin pregnancies, those conceived via ART showed higher risks of placenta previa (aOR, 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57-2.08), preeclampsia (aOR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.17-1.47), GDM (aOR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.22-1.43), emergency CS (aOR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.08-1.34), and IUGR (aOR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.07-1.31). In women ≥35 years, risks were more pronounced for preeclampsia (aOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.19-1.61) and emergency CS (aOR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.06-1.42).
Conclusion
Twin pregnancies conceived via ART are associated with significantly increased risks of obstetric and perinatal complications compared with spontaneous conceptions. Given the growing utilization of ART, these findings underscore the importance of individualized prenatal care and vigilant perinatal monitoring in ART-conceived twin pregnancies, particularly among women of advanced maternal age.

Keyword

Assisted reproductive technology; Twin pregnancy; Obstetric complications; Perinatal outcomes; Nationwide cohort