1.Park JH., Ha KH., Kim BY., Lee JH., Kim DJ. Trends in cardiovascular complications and mortality among patients with diabetes in South Korea. Diabetes Metab J. 2021. 45:120–4.
2.Weng W., Tian Y., Kong SX., Ganguly R., Hersloev M., Brett J, et al. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease and antidiabetes treatment characteristics among a large type 2 diabetes population in the United States. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2019. 2:e00076.
3.Park SE., Ko SH., Kim JY., Kim K., Moon JH., Kim NH, et al. Diabetes fact sheets in Korea 2024. Diabetes Metab J. 2025. 49:24–33.
4.Gæde P., Oellgaard J., Carstensen B., Rossing P., Lund-Andersen H., Parving HH, et al. Years of life gained by multifactorial intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: 21 years follow-up on the Steno-2 randomised trial. Diabetologia. 2016. 59:2298–307.
5.Kang S., Kang SM., Choi JH., Ko SH., Koo BK., Kwon HS, et al. 2025 Clinical practice guidelines for diabetes management in Korea: recommendation of the Korean Diabetes Association. Diabetes Metab J. 2025. 49:582–783.
6.Panagiotakos D., Antza C., Kotsis V. Ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring for cardiovascular disease risk evaluation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Hypertens. 2024. 42:1–9.
7.Ohkubo T., Kikuya M., Metoki H., Asayama K., Obara T., Hashimoto J, et al. Prognosis of “masked” hypertension and “white-coat” hypertension detected by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring 10-year follow-up from the Ohasama study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005. 46:508–15.
8.Moon JS., Kang S., Choi JH., Lee KA., Moon JH., Chon S, et al. 2023 Clinical practice guidelines for diabetes management in Korea: full version recommendation of the Korean Diabetes Association. Diabetes Metab J. 2024. 48:546–708.
9.Buckley LF., Dixon DL., Wohlford GF 4th., Wijesinghe DS., Baker WL., Van Tassell BW. Intensive versus standard blood pressure control in SPRINT-eligible participants of ACCORD-BP. Diabetes Care. 2017. 40:1733–8.
10.Zhang W., Zhang S., Deng Y., Wu S., Ren J., Sun G., STEP Study Group, et al. Trial of intensive blood-pressure control in older patients with hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2021. 385:1268–79.
11.Liu J., Li Y., Ge J., Yan X., Zhang H., Zheng X., ESPRIT Collaborative Group, et al. Lowering systolic blood pressure to less than 120 mm Hg versus less than 140 mm Hg in patients with high cardiovascular risk with and without diabetes or previous stroke: an open-label, blinded-outcome, randomised trial. Lancet. 2024. 404:245–55.
12.Bi Y., Li M., Liu Y., Li T., Lu J., Duan P., BPROAD Research Group, et al. Intensive blood-pressure control in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2025. 392:1155–67.
13.Hansson L., Zanchetti A., Carruthers SG., Dahlöf B., Elm-feldt D., Julius S, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet. 1998. 351:1755–62.
14.Rawshani A., Rawshani A., Franzén S., Sattar N., Eliasson B., Svensson AM, et al. Risk factors, mortality, and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2018. 379:633–44.
15.Kim HL., Lee EM., Ahn SY., Kim KI., Kim HC., Kim JH, et al. The 2022 focused update of the 2018 Korean Hypertension Society Guidelines for the management of hypertension. Clin Hypertens. 2023. 29:11.
16.Turnbull F., Neal B., Algert C., Chalmers J., Chapman N., Cutler J., Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration, et al. Effects of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med. 2005. 165:1410–9.
17.Brenner BM., Cooper ME., de Zeeuw D., Keane WF., Mitch WE., Parving HH., RENAAL Study Investigators, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001. 345:861–9.
18.Palmer SC., Mavridis D., Navarese E., Craig JC., Tonelli M., Salanti G, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of blood pressure-lowering agents in adults with diabetes and kidney disease: a network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2015. 385:2047–56.
19.Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet. 2000. 355:253–9.
20.Arnold SV., Bhatt DL., Barsness GW., Beatty AL., Deedwania PC., Inzucchi SE., American Heart Association Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health and Council on Clinical Cardiology, et al. Clinical management of stable coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020. 141:e779–806.
21.Wald DS., Law M., Morris JK., Bestwick JP., Wald NJ. Combination therapy versus monotherapy in reducing blood pressure: meta-analysis on 11,000 participants from 42 trials. Am J Med. 2009. 122:290–300.
22.Fried LF., Emanuele N., Zhang JH., Brophy M., Conner TA., Duckworth W., VA NEPHRON-D Investigators, et al. Combined angiotensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2013. 369:1892–903.
23.Bakris GL., Weir MR; Study of Hypertension and the Efficacy of Lotrel in Diabetes (SHIELD) Investigators. Achieving goal blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes: conventional versus fixed-dose combination approaches. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2003. 5:202–9.
24.Yang YS., Kim HL., Kim SH., Moon MK. Lipid management in Korean people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Korean Diabetes Association and Korean Society of Lipid and Atherosclerosis consensus statement. Diabetes Metab J. 2023. 47:1–9.
25.Colhoun HM., Betteridge DJ., Durrington PN., Hitman GA., Neil HA., Livingstone SJ., CARDS investigators, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004. 364:685–96.
26.Kearney PM., Blackwell L., Collins R., Keech A., Simes J., Peto R., Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators, et al. Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2008. 371:117–25.
27.Giugliano RP., Cannon CP., Blazing MA., Nicolau JC., Corbalán R., Špinar J., IMPROVE-IT (Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial) Investigators, et al. Benefit of adding ezetimibe to statin therapy on cardiovascular outcomes and safety in patients with versus without diabetes mellitus: results from IMPROVE-IT (Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial). Circulation. 2018. 137:1571–82.
28.Sabatine MS., Leiter LA., Wiviott SD., Giugliano RP., Deed-wania P., De Ferrari GM, et al. Cardiovascular safety and efficacy of the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab in patients with and without diabetes and the effect of evolocumab on glycaemia and risk of new-onset diabetes: a prespecified analysis of the FOURIER randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017. 5:941–50.
29.Ray KK., Wright RS., Kallend D., Koenig W., Leiter LA., Raal FJ., ORION-10 and ORION-11 Investigators, et al. Two phase 3 trials of inclisiran in patients with elevated LDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 2020. 382:1507–19.
30.Berglund L., Brunzell JD., Goldberg AC., Goldberg IJ., Sacks F., Murad MH., Endocrine Society, et al. Evaluation and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012. 97:2969–89.
31.Baigent C., Blackwell L., Collins R., Emberson J., Godwin J., Peto R., Antithrombotic Trialists’ (ATT) Collaboration, et al. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2009. 373:1849–60.
32.American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 10. Cardiovascular disease and risk management: standards of care in diabetes-2025. Diabetes Care. 2025. 48(1 Suppl 1):S207–38.
33.Masson W., Barbagelata L., Lavalle-Cobo A., Lobo M., Masson G., Nogueira JP, et al. Low-doses aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes: meta-analysis stratified by baseline cardiovascular risk. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2022. 16:102391.