Med Lasers.  2025 Jun;14(2):65-71. 10.25289/ML.25.004.

Optogenetic manipulation of organoids: advances, applications, and future prospects

• Abueva C
• Carpena N

• KMID: 2571156
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.25289/ML.25.004

Abstract

Optogenetics, which uses light-sensitive proteins to regulate cellular activity, has transformed developmental biology by allowing precise spatiotemporal control of the critical signaling pathways. When paired with organoid technology, optogenetics offers an extraordinary tool for investigating differentiation, tissue morphogenesis, and organogenesis. This review examines the recent progress in the optogenetic manipulation of organoids, emphasizing its applications in directing stem cell differentiation, analyzing tissue morphogenesis, and modeling organ development. In neural differentiation, optogenetics has been used to activate Wnt signaling, fostering the generation of neural progenitors. Similarly, in cardiac differentiation, light-induced modulation of the BMP and Wnt pathways has supported the formation of functional cardiomyocytes. Optogenetic tools also enable researchers to explore the mechanical forces in tissue development by regulating cytoskeletal factors such as RhoA and Rac1. Furthermore, researchers can investigate organ patterning and regeneration by activating specific morphogens, such as Sonic hedgehog or Notch. Despite these advancements, challenges persist, such as enhancing light delivery in three-dimensional structures and developing more precise genetic engineering techniques. Future directions should involve integrating optogenetics with high-throughput imaging and single-cell analysis to improve the understanding of tissue development and disease modeling. This review underscores optogenetics as a groundbreaking approach for propelling stem cell research, regenerative medicine, and developmental biology.

Keyword

Optogenetics; Opsins; Organoids; Photonics