Korean J Fam Med.
2025 Mar;46(2):92-97. 10.4082/kjfm.23.0151.
Association between Breakfast Consumption Frequency and Chronic Inflammation in Korean Adult Males: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2018
- Han EJ
1 - Park EJ1
- Lee SR1
- Lee SY1,2
- Cho YH1,2
- Lee YI1
- Choi JI1
- Kwon RJ1
- Son SM1
- Kim YJ3
- Lee JG3
- Yi YH3
- Tak YJ3
- Lee SH3
- Kim GL3
- Ra YJ3
- Affiliations
-
- 1Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
- 2Department of Medical Education, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- 3Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
- KMID: 2565782
- DOI: http://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.23.0151
Abstract
- Background
Skipping breakfast is associated with an increased risk of chronic inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to examine the association between breakfast-eating habits and inflammation, using high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) as a marker.
Methods
A total of 4,000 Korean adult males with no history of myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, or current smoking were included. Data from the 2016–2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for analysis. The frequency of breakfast consumption was assessed through a questionnaire item in the dietary survey section asking participants about their weekly breakfast consumption routines over the past year. Participants were categorized into two groups, namely “0–2 breakfasts per week” and “3–7 breakfasts per week”; hs-CRP concentrations were measured through blood tests.
Results
Comparing between the “infrequent breakfast consumption (0–2 breakfasts per week)” and “frequent breakfast consumption (3–7 breakfasts per week)” groups, the mean hs-CRP was found to be significantly higher in the “infrequent breakfast consumption” group, even after adjusting for age, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol consumption, systolic blood pressure, blood pressure medication, fasting blood glucose, and triglycerides (mean hs-CRP: frequent breakfast consumption, 1.36±0.09 mg/L; infrequent breakfast consumption, 1.17±0.05 mg/L; P-value=0.036).
Conclusion
Less frequent breakfast consumption was associated with elevated hs-CRP levels. Further large-scale studies incorporating adjusted measures of daily eating patterns as well as food quality and quantity are required for a deeper understanding of the role of breakfast in the primary prevention of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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