J Nutr Health.  2025 Feb;58(1):77-86. 10.4163/jnh.2025.58.1.77.

Association between living alone with frailty among elderly Korean men

• Jang W
• Kim M
• Kim Y

• KMID: 2565773
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2025.58.1.77

Abstract

Purpose
The living arrangements of elderly persons can play a crucial role in their health. This study evaluated the association between living arrangements and frailty among elderly Korean men.
Methods
The cross-sectional data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014–2019) were used. A total of 3,198 men aged 65 years or older were divided into a living alone group (LA, n = 393) and a not living alone group (NLA, n = 2,805). The dietary intake data was obtained from a single 24-hour recall. The food variety score (FVS) was defined as the number of foods items consumed in one day. Frailty was defined as the presence of three or more of the modified Fried frailty phenotype criteria. The association between living arrangements and frailty was analyzed by multiple nominal logistic regression.
Results
The LA group showed significantly lower FVSs than the NLA group. The intakes of fruit, vegetables, fish and shellfish, fiber, and key antioxidant nutrients such as vitamins A and C, were lower in LA than in NLA. Multiple nominal logistic regression revealed a higher odds ratio (OR) for frailty in the LA group compared to the NLA group (OR [95% confidence interval], 2.05 [1.12–3.74]; p = 0.019).
Conclusion
These findings suggest that the increased risk of frailty among elderly men living alone may be partially associated with their lower dietary variety, particularly reduced intake of essential nutrients from fruit, vegetables, fish, and shellfish, highlighting their vulnerability to suboptimal nutrition. Thus, increasing diversity in food intake could be a useful dietary strategy to prevent the frailty of the living alone elderly.

Keyword

living alone; frailty; dietary intake; aged