J Chest Surg.  2025 Mar;58(2):51-57. 10.5090/jcs.24.052.

Recommendation for Clinical T Staging in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Volumetric Measurement: A Retrospective Study from Turkey

• Sayan M
• Kankoc A
• Aslan MT
• Akarsu I
• Kurul
• Celik A

• KMID: 2565625
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5090/jcs.24.052

Abstract

Background
Currently, clinical T staging in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is based on the largest radiological diameter observed on computed tomography (CT). Under this system, tumors with varying shapes—such as spherical, amorphous, or spiculated tumors—can be assigned the same T stage even with different volumes. We aimed to propose a 3-dimensional (3D) volumetric staging system for NSCLC as an alternative to diameter-based T staging and to conduct comparative survival analyses between these methods.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed data from patients who underwent surgery for pT1-4N0M0 primary NSCLC between January 2018 and May 2022. Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine data from patient CT scans were uploaded to 3D Slicer software for volumetric tumor measurement. Using the paired samples t-test or the Wilcoxon test, we compared the expected tumor volumes, calculated by tumor diameter, with the actual volumes measured by 3D Slicer. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was employed to determine the cut-off value for tumor volume. Kaplan-Meier analysis was utilized to assess overall survival, while the log-rank method was applied to compare survival differences between groups. The significance of changes in T stage was evaluated using the marginal homogeneity test.
Results
The study included 136 patients. Significant differences were observed between expected and actual tumor volumes (p=0.01), and associated changes in T stage were also significant (p=0.04). The survival analysis performed using tumor volume (p=0.009) yielded superior results compared to that based on diameter (p=0.04) in paients with early tumor stage.
Conclusion
T-factor staging based on tumor volume could represent an alternative staging method for NSCLC.

Keyword

Non-small-cell lung carcinoma; 8th edition TNM; Tumor volume; 3D-Slicer