Clin Exp Pediatr.  2025 Mar;68(3):238-246. 10.3345/cep.2024.01060.

Prednisolone impairs trabecular bone score changes in adolescents with 21-hydroxylase deficiency

• Wiromrat P
• Raruenrom Y
• Namphaisan P
• Wongsurawat N
• Panamonta O
• Pongchaiyakul C

• KMID: 2565242
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.01060

Abstract

Background
Individuals with 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) require lifelong glucocorticoid (GC) therapy, which increases their risk of fragility fractures. However, fractures in GC-treated individuals can occur at normal bone mineral density (BMD) levels, suggesting an alteration in the bone microarchitecture. Purpose: To evaluate trabecular bone microarchitecture and its changes in adolescents with 21OHD.
Methods
We enrolled 38 adolescents with 21OHD for whom complete clinical data and baseline and follow-up lumbar spine BMD (LSBMD) measurements were available. The mean duration was 1.5±0.6 years. Trabecular bone score (TBS), an indirect measurement of bone microarchitecture, was analyzed using iNsight software version 3.0. Impaired BMD and TBS were defined as z scores ≤ -1.5.
Results
At baseline, participants (55% female; 68% salt- wasting type; mean age, 15.2±3.8 years; bone age, 17.5± 2.8 years; mean GC dose, 18.5±6.5 mg/m²/day) had the prevalence of impaired BMD and TBS of 5% and 18%, respectively. During follow-up, adolescents with 21OHD receiving prednisolone showed a lower annual percentage change in TBS than those who received hydrocortisone (P=0.028). A stepwise regression analysis showed that body mass index percentile (P<0.001) and testosterone concentration (P=0.002) were independent positive predictors of the baseline TBS z score, whereas prednisolone use was the only negative predictor of the annual percentage change in TBS (P=0.002).
Conclusion
Adolescents with 21OHD have a high prevalence of impaired bone microarchitecture. Furthermore, prednisolone therapy is associated with impaired bone microarchitecture development, suggesting that hydrocortisone may better preserve bone microarchitecture and should be considered the first-line treatment for this population.

Keyword

Adolescents; 21-hydroxylase deficiency; Glucocorticoid; Trabecular bone score