Clin Transplant Res.  2024 Dec;38(4):354-376. 10.4285/ctr.24.0029.

Animal models for transplant immunology: bridging bench to bedside

• Kang M
• Park HK
• Kim KS
• Choi D

• KMID: 2563956
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4285/ctr.24.0029

Abstract

The progress of transplantation has been propelled forward by animal experiments. Animal models have not only provided opportunities to understand complex immune mechanisms in transplantation but also served as a platform to assess therapeutic interventions. While small animals have been instrumental in uncovering new therapeutic concepts related to immunosuppression and immune tolerance, the progression to human trials has largely been driven by studies in large animals. Recent research has begun to explore the potential of porcine organs to address the shortage of available organs. The consistent progress in transplant immunology research can be attributed to a thorough understanding of animal models. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the available animal models, detailing their modifications, strengths, and weaknesses, as well as their historical applications, to aid researchers in selecting the most suitable model for their specific research needs.

Keyword

Animal models; Graft rejection; Immunosuppression therapy; Immune tolerance; Xenotransplantation

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 Landmarks in transplant immunology and the timeline of immunosuppressants introduced into the clinic. The medals represent findings that were later honored with the Nobel Prize. HLA, human leukocyte antigen; α-Gal, α-(1,3)-galactosyltransferase; GTKO pigs, α-(1,3)-galactosyltransferase knockout pigs.

• 

  Fig. 2 Heterotopic renal transplant in a rat. End-to-side vascular anastomoses were performed to the vena cava and abdominal aorta. Urinary reconstruction was established by implanting the ureter into the bladder through a small incision in the bladder wall, followed by suturing it to the mucosa of the anterior bladder wall. Survival and functional analyses can be conducted if a native nephrectomy is performed on the recipient. Trx. kidney, transplanted kidney; IVC, inferior vena cava.

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