Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci.  2024 Nov;22(4):635-645. 10.9758/cpn.24.1188.

Epigenetic Insights into Autism Spectrum Disorder: DNA Methylation Levels of NR3C1, ASCL1, and FOXO3 in Korean Autism Spectrum Disorder Sibling Pairs

• Oh M
• Yoon NH
• Kim SA
• Yoo HJ

• KMID: 2562274
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.24.1188

Abstract

Objective
Previous research on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Koreans has primarily focused on genetic diversity because of its high heritability. However, the emerging recognition of transgenerational epigenetic changes has recently shifted research attention towards epigenetic perspectives.
Methods
This study investigated the DNA methylation patterns of the promoter regions of candidate genes such as NR3C1, ASCL1, and FOXO3 in blood samples from ASD probands and their unaffected siblings. The analysis included 54 families (ASD proband group: 54; unaffected biological sibling group: 63). The diagnostic process involved screening the probands and their siblings for ASD based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition. Intelligence, social ability, and medical history were thoroughly assessed using various scales and questionnaires. Genomic DNA from blood samples was analyzed using a methylation-sensitive quantitative polymerase chain reaction to examine the DNA methylation status of candidate genes.
Results
Methylation levels in candidate gene promoter regions differed significantly between the proband and sibling groups for all candidate genes. Correlation analysis between the proband and sibling groups revealed strong and significant correlations in NR3C1 and ASCL1 methylation. Additionally, in the analysis of the relationship between DNA and ASD phenotypes, FOXO3 methylation correlated with social quotient in probands, and ASCL1 methylation was associated with nonverbal communication, and daily living skills as measured by the Korean Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale. Notably, ASCL1 methylation was significantly associated with parental age at pregnancy.
Conclusion
This study proposes DNA methylation of NR3C1, ASCL1, and FOXO3 in peripheral blood samples is a potential epigenetic biomarker of ASD.

Keyword

Autism spectrum disorder; NR3C1; FOXO3; ASCL1; DNA methylation