J Prev Med Public Health.
2024 Nov;57(6):521-529. 10.3961/jpmph.24.302.
Is Farming a Risk Occupation for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases? A Scoping Review on Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease Risk in Farmers
- Affiliations
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- 1Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
- 2National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea
- 3Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
- 4Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
- 5Department of Preventive Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
- 6Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Gumi Hospital, Gumi, Korea
- 7Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsangnamdo Environmental Health Center, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
- 8Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
- KMID: 2561669
- DOI: http://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.302
Abstract
Objectives
In Korea, cardio-cerebrovascular disease (CCVD) is recognized as an occupational disease when sufficient evidence of a work-related burden exists. In 2021, approximately 26.8% of the payments from occupational disease insurance under the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act were allocated to CCVDs. However, due to the specific nature of insurance policies for farmers, CCVD is not acknowledged as an occupational disease in their case.
Methods
We reviewed studies on the differences in the incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates of CCVDs between farmers and the general population or other occupations and described the exposure of farmers to risk factors for CCVDs.
Results
Several studies showed that farming is a high-risk occupation for CCVDs, with the following risk factors: long working hours, night work, lack of holidays, and strenuous physical labor; physical factors (noise, cold, heat, humidity, and vibration); exposure to hazardous gases (diesel exhaust, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, nitrogen oxides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), pesticides, and dust (particulate matter, silica, and organic dust); exposure to a hypoxic environment; and job-related stress. Social isolation and lack of accessible medical facilities also function as additional risk factors by preventing farmers from receiving early interventions.
Conclusions
Farmers are exposed to various risk factors for CCVDs and are an occupation at risk for CCVDs. More studies are needed in the future to elucidate this relationship. This study lays the groundwork for future research to develop guidelines for approving CCVDs as occupational diseases among farmers.
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