Child Kidney Dis.  2024 Jun;28(2):66-73. 10.3339/ckd.24.010.

Hematuria in children: causes and evaluation

• Park E
• Kim SW
• Kim SJ
• Baek M
• Ahn YH
• Cho MH
• Lee HK
• Han KH
• Kim YL
• Choi M
• Kang HG
• Suh JS
• Yang EM
• on behalf of the Hematuria Guideline Development Group

• KMID: 2557072
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3339/ckd.24.010

Abstract

Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine and is classified as either gross hematuria or microscopic hematuria. There are many causes of hematuria, and the differential diagnosis depends on the presence or absence of comorbidities and whether it is glomerular or non-glomerular. When hematuria in children is symptomatic or persistent, an evaluation of the cause is essential. The causes of hematuria and basic approaches to its diagnosis are discussed in this review.

Keyword

Hematuria; Kidney; Pediatrics, Urinary tract

Figure

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  Fig. 1. Approach to a child with hematuria. BLD, blood; UTI, urinary tract infection; CAKUT, congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract; IgAN, immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy; PSGN, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis; PIGN, postinfectious glomerulonephritis; MesPGN, mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis; MGN, membranous glomerulonephritis; TBMD, thin basement membrane disease; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus, HSPN, Henosch–Schönlein purpura; GN, glomerulonephritis; HUS, hemolytic uremic syndrome. a)Possible occurrence of dysmorphic red blood cells (RBCs), formation of RBC casts, hypertension, proteinuria, and decreased renal function

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  Fig. 2. Initial diagnostic process for children with persistent asymptomatic hematuria. BUN, blood urea nitrogen; ANA, antinuclear antibody; anti-dsDNA, anti-double-stranded DNA; ANCA, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody; HBV, hepatitis B virus. Modified from Park et al. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2024 Mar 7 [Epub]. https://doi.org/10.23876/j.krcp.23.231 [26].

Reference

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