J Korean Med Sci.  2023 Nov;38(44):e393. 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e393.

Sudden Death Is More Likely to Result From SARS-COV-2 Infection Than Multiple Sclerosis

• Finsterer J

• KMID: 2547977
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e393

Reference

1. Jeon YH, Choi S, Park JH, Lee JK, Yeo NS, Lee S, et al. Sudden death associated with possible flare-ups of multiple sclerosis after COVID-19 vaccination and infection: a case report and literature review. J Korean Med Sci. 2023; 38(10):e78. PMID: 36918031.

2. Gigli GL, Vogrig A, Nilo A, Fabris M, Biasotto A, Curcio F, et al. HLA and immunological features of SARS-CoV-2-induced Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurol Sci. 2020; 41(12):3391–3394. PMID: 33006723.

3. Finsterer J. Exacerbating Guillain-Barré syndrome eight days after vector-based COVID-19 vaccination. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2021; 2021:3619131. PMID: 34055430.

4. Niino M, Sato S, Fukazawa T, Yoshimura S, Hisahara S, Matsushita T, et al. Latitude and HLA-DRB1 alleles independently affect the emergence of cerebrospinal fluid IgG abnormality in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2015; 21(9):1112–1120. PMID: 25583844.

5. Nakashima I, Fujihara K, Sato S, Itoyama Y. Oligoclonal IgG bands in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis. A comparative study between isoelectric focusing with IgG immunofixation and high-resolution agarose gel electrophoresis. J Neuroimmunol. 2005; 159(1-2):133–136. PMID: 15652412.

6. Lu T, Zhao L, Sun X, Au C, Huang Y, Yang Y, et al. Comparison of multiple sclerosis patients with and without oligoclonal IgG bands in South China. J Clin Neurosci. 2019; 66:51–55. PMID: 31155343.

7. Gombolay GY, Gadde JA. Aseptic meningitis and leptomeningeal enhancement associated with anti-MOG antibodies: a review. J Neuroimmunol. 2021; 358:577653. PMID: 34229204.

8. Maiese A, Manetti AC, Bosetti C, Del Duca F, La Russa R, Frati P, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and the brain: a review of the current knowledge on neuropathology in COVID-19. Brain Pathol. 2021; 31(6):e13013. PMID: 34390282.

9. Popescu BF, Pirko I, Lucchinetti CF. Pathology of multiple sclerosis: where do we stand? Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2013; 19(4 Multiple Sclerosis):901–921. PMID: 23917093.

10. Dale RC, de Sousa C, Chong WK, Cox TC, Harding B, Neville BG. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis in children. Brain. 2000; 123(Pt 12):2407–2422. PMID: 11099444.

11. Pohl D, Alper G, Van Haren K, Kornberg AJ, Lucchinetti CF, Tenembaum S, et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: updates on an inflammatory CNS syndrome. Neurology. 2016; 87(9):Suppl 2. S38–S45. PMID: 27572859.

12. Krupp LB, Banwell B, Tenembaum S. International Pediatric MS Study Group. Consensus definitions proposed for pediatric multiple sclerosis and related disorders. Neurology. 2007; 68(16):Suppl 2. S7–12. PMID: 17438241.

13. Barkhof F, Valk J, Hommes OR, Scheltens P. Meningeal Gd-DTPA enhancement in multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1992; 13(1):397–400. PMID: 1595484.

14. Choi SR, Howell OW, Carassiti D, Magliozzi R, Gveric D, Muraro PA, et al. Meningeal inflammation plays a role in the pathology of primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2012; 135(Pt 10):2925–2937. PMID: 22907116.

15. Absinta M, Vuolo L, Rao A, Nair G, Sati P, Cortese IC, et al. Gadolinium-based MRI characterization of leptomeningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2015; 85(1):18–28. PMID: 25888557.

16. Geurts JJ, Barkhof F. Grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2008; 7(9):841–851. PMID: 18703006.

17. Frischer JM, Bramow S, Dal-Bianco A, Lucchinetti CF, Rauschka H, Schmidbauer M, et al. The relation between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains. Brain. 2009; 132(Pt 5):1175–1189. PMID: 19339255.

18. Nagalli S, Shankar Kikkeri N. Sub-acute Onset of Guillain-Barré Syndrome Post-mRNA-1273 Vaccination: a Case Report. SN Compr Clin Med. 2022; 4(1):41. PMID: 35071987.

19. Fan BE, Shen JY, Lim XR, Tu TM, Chang CCR, Khin HSW, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis post BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a black swan event. Am J Hematol. 2021; 96(9):E357–E361. PMID: 34133027.

20. Dias L, Soares-Dos-Reis R, Meira J, Ferrão D, Soares PR, Pastor A, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis after BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021; 30(8):105906. PMID: 34111775.

21. Cheng N. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 (BNT162b2) vaccination. J Clin Neurol. 2021; 17(4):573–575. PMID: 34595867.

22. Nashef L, So EL, Ryvlin P, Tomson T. Unifying the definitions of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2012; 53(2):227–233. PMID: 22191982.