Yonsei Med J.  2023 Oct;64(10):625-632. 10.3349/ymj.2022.0554.

Hyperpolarized [1- ¹³C]pyruvate Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Shows That Agmatine Increased Lactate Production in the Brain of Type 2 Diabetic Mice

• Choi YS
• Song JE
• Kim E
• Kim CH
• Lee JE
• Song HT

• KMID: 2546250
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2022.0554

Abstract

Purpose
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a 2-fold increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. In earlier research, agmatine has been demonstrated to alleviate diabetes symptoms and increase cognitive performance. However, it is unclear whether the improvement of cognitive function is attributable to the reduction of diabetic symptoms or its direct influence on brain metabolism. Using hyperpolarized (HP) [1- ¹³C]pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), this study intends to evaluate the influence of agmatine on brain metabolism.
Materials and Methods
ICR mice were fed a high-fat diet and injected with streptozotocin to develop a T2DM animal model. During a 2-week period, T2DM mice were treated with normal saline or 100 mg/kg of agmatine, and brain HP [1- ¹³C]pyruvate MRS was performed. The effect of agmatine on lactate generation and NADH/NAD+ redox state was investigated using C6 and neuro-2a (N2a) cells.
Results
As a perfusion marker, the total ¹³C signals in the brain of T2DM mice (p=0.07) and agmatine-treated mice (p<0.05) were reduced. The conversion constant (K_pl) from [1- ¹³C]pyruvate to [1- ¹³C]lactate was not distinguishable in the brains of T2DM mice but was significantly increased in the brains of agmatine-treated T2DM mice. Treating C6 and N2a cells with agmatine increased NADH/NAD+ ratio and lactate generation.
Conclusion
Agmatine influences the NADH/NAD+ redox state in the brains of T2DM mice, which may be connected with enhanced cognitive performance and increased conversion of HP [1- ¹³C]pyruvate to HP [1- ¹³C]lactate.

Keyword

Alzheimer’s disease; hyperpolarized ¹³C; magnetic resonance spectroscopy; agmatine; lactate