2. Yang YS, Han BD, Han K, Jung JH, Son JW; Taskforce Team of the Obesity Fact Sheet of the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. Obesity fact sheet in Korea, 2021: trends in obesity prevalence and obesity-related comorbidity incidence stratified by age from 2009 to 2019. J Obes Metab Syndr. 2022; 31:169–77.
3. Cho SW, Kim JH, Choi HS, Ahn HY, Kim MK, Rhee EJ. Big data research in the field of endocrine diseases using the Korean National Health Information Database. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2023; 38:10–24.
4. Kim YH, Han K, Son JW, Lee SS, Oh SW, Kwon HS, et al. Data analytic process of a nationwide population-based study on obesity using the National Health Information Database presented by the National Health Insurance Service 2006-2015. J Obes Metab Syndr. 2017; 26:23–7.
5. Kim BY, Kang SM, Kang JH, Kang SY, Kim KK, Kim KB, et al. 2020 Korean Society for the Study of Obesity guidelines for the management of obesity in korea. J Obes Metab Syndr. 2021; 30:81–92.
6. World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific. The Asia-Pacific perspective: redefining obesity and its treatment. Health Communications Australia; 2000.
7. Kim YH, Kim SM, Han KD, Son JW, Lee SS, Oh SW, et al. Change in weight and body mass index associated with all-cause mortality in Korea: a nationwide longitudinal study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017; 102:4041–50.
8. Kim YH, Kim SM, Han KD, Jung JH, Lee SS, Oh SW, et al. Waist circumference and all-cause mortality independent of body mass index in Korean population from the National Health Insurance health checkup 2009⁻2015. J Clin Med. 2019; 8:72.
9. Cho JH, Rhee EJ, Park SE, Kwon H, Jung JH, Han KD, et al. Maintenance of body weight is an important determinant for the risk of ischemic stroke: a nationwide population-based cohort study. PLoS One. 2019; 14:e0210153.
10. Cho JH, Rhee EJ, Park SE, Kwon H, Jung JH, Han KD, et al. The risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke according to waist circumference in 21,749,261 Korean adults: a nationwide population-based study. Diabetes Metab J. 2019; 43:206–21.
11. Yoo JE, Han K, Jung JH, Hur YI, Kim YH, Kim ES, et al. Body mass index, waist circumference and cardiovascular diseases in transitional ages (40 and 66 years). J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2023; 14:369–81.
12. ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, et al. 9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: standards of care in diabetes: 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023; 46(Suppl 1):S140–57.
13. Rhee EJ, Kwon H, Park SE, Han KD, Park YG, Kim YH, et al. Associations among obesity degree, glycemic status, and risk of heart failure in 9,720,220 Korean adults. Diabetes Metab J. 2020; 44:592–601.
14. Kim YG, Han KD, Choi JI, Boo KY, Kim DY, Oh SK, et al. The impact of body weight and diabetes on new-onset atrial fibrillation: a nationwide population based study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019; 18:128.
15. Choi JB, Moon HW, Park YH, Bae WJ, Cho HJ, Hong SH, et al. The impact of diabetes on the risk of prostate cancer development according to body mass index: a 10-year nationwide cohort study. J Cancer. 2016; 7:2061–6.
16. Choi JB, Myong JP, Lee Y, Kim I, Kim JH, Hong SH, et al. Does increased body mass index lead to elevated prostate cancer risk? It depends on waist circumference. BMC Cancer. 2020; 20:589.
17. Choi JB, Lee EJ, Han KD, Hong SH, Ha US. Estimating the impact of body mass index on bladder cancer risk: stratification by smoking status. Sci Rep. 2018; 8:947.
18. Choi JB, Kim JH, Hong SH, Han KD, Ha US. Association of body mass index with bladder cancer risk in men depends on abdominal obesity. World J Urol. 2019; 37:2393–400.
19. Hwang S, Park YM, Han KD, Yun JS, Ko SH, Ahn YB, et al. Associations of general obesity and central obesity with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a Korean population: a national population-based cohort study. Int J Cancer. 2021; 148:1144–54.
20. Lee JE, Nam CM, Lee SG, Park S, Kim TH, Park EC. The economic burden of cancer attributable to obesity in Korea: a population-based cohort study. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2019; 28:e13084.
21. Rhee EJ, Cho JH, Kwon H, Park SE, Jung JH, Han KD, et al. Association between abdominal obesity and increased risk for the development of hypertension regardless of physical activity: a nationwide population-based study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2018; 20:1417–26.
22. Lim J, Han K, Kim SY, Cho YH, Yoon YS, Park HS, et al. Effects of central obesity on maternal complications in Korean women of reproductive age. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2019; 13:156–63.
23. Park GR, Kim HS, Kim YT, Chung HJ, Ha SJ, Kim DW, et al. Waist circumference and the risk of lumbar and femur fractures: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021; 25:1198–205.
24. Jung CY, Park H, Kim DW, Lim H, Chang JH, Choi YJ, et al. Association between body mass index and risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a nationwide case-control study in South Korea. Clin Infect Dis. 2021; 73:e1855–62.
25. Lee SH, Kim MK, Rhee EJ. Effects of cardiovascular risk factor variability on health outcomes. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2020; 35:217–26.
26. Nam GE, Cho KH, Han K, Han B, Cho SJ, Roh YK, et al. Impact of body mass index and body weight variabilities on mortality: a nationwide cohort study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2019; 43:412–23.
27. Kim DH, Nam GE, Han K, Kim YH, Park KY, Hwang HS, et al. Variabilities in weight and waist circumference and risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and mortality: a nationwide cohort study. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2020; 35:933–42.
28. Park KY, Hwang HS, Cho KH, Han K, Nam GE, Kim YH, et al. Body weight fluctuation as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes: results from a nationwide cohort study. J Clin Med. 2019; 8:950.
29. Nam GE, Park YG, Han K, Kim MK, Koh ES, Kim ES, et al. BMI, weight change, and dementia risk in patients with new-onset type 2 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2019; 42:1217–24.