Korean J Orthod.  2023 Mar;53(2):89-98. 10.4041/kjod22.183.

Thermo-mechanical properties in bending of a multizone nickel-titanium archwire: A retrieval analysis

• Roulias P
• Mylonopoulou IM
• Sifakakis I
• Bourauel C
• Eliades T

• KMID: 2540948
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4041/kjod22.183

Abstract

Objective
This study aimed to compare the mechanical and thermal properties in the anterior and posterior segments of new and retrieved specimens of a commercially available multizone superelastic nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwire.
Methods
The following groups of 0.016 × 0.022-inch Bioforce NiTi archwires were compared: a) anterior and b) posterior segments of new specimens and c) anterior and d) posterior segments of retrieved specimens. Six specimens were evaluated in each group, by three-point bending and bend and free recovery tests. Bending moduli (Eb) were calculated. Furthermore, the new specimens were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. A multiple linear regression model with a random intercept at the wire level was applied for data analysis.
Results
The forces in the posterior segments or new specimens were higher than those recorded in the anterior segments or retrieved specimens, respectively. Accordingly, Eb also varied. Higher austenite start and austenite finish (Af) temperatures were recorded in the anterior segments. No statistically significant differences were found for these temperatures between retrieved and new wires. The mean elemental composition was (weight percentage): Ni, 52.6 ± 0.5; Ti, 47.4 ± 0.5.
Conclusions
The existence of multiple force zones was confirmed in new and retrieved Bioforce archwires. The retrieved archwires demonstrated lower forces during the initial stages of deactivation in three-point bending tests, compared with new specimens. The Af temperature of these archwires may lie higher than the regular intraoral temperature. Even at 2 mm deflections, the forces recorded from these archwires may lie beyond biologically safe limits.

Keyword

Archwire; Biomaterial science; Nitinol; Transformation temperature

Figure

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  Figure 1 Representative wire segment during the three-point bending test on Orthodontic Measurement and Simulation System. The 0.022-inch side is seen.

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  Figure 2 Representative wire segment in the cold mix bath for the bend and free recovery test.

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  Figure 3 Three-point bending test. Representative curves of new and retrieved Bioforce archwires. The y-axis shows force in N corresponding to the displacement in mm in the x-axis during the bending test. The double-sided arrow indicates the linear part of the unloading curves used for calculating the bending moduli.

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  Figure 4 Bend and free recovery test. Typical temperature−displacement graphs of Bioforce archwires (anterior and posterior segments), depicting the austenite start and austenite finish transformation temperatures. The x-axis shows temperature in °C and the y-axis shows displacement in mm. As, austenite start temperature; Af, austenite finish temperature.

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  Figure 5 Representative backscattered electron image of the surface of a new wire. The long axis of the wire is oriented parallel to the horizontal axis of the image. The arrows point toward elongated pores along the horizontal axis (nominal magnification ×800).

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  Figure 6 Representative energy dispersive X-ray spectra from the surface of the Bioforce archwire. Ni, nickel; Ti, titanium.

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