J Clin Neurol.  2022 Nov;18(6):610-618. 10.3988/jcn.2022.18.6.610.

Vessel Wall Changes on Serial High-Resolution MRI and the Use of Cilostazol in Patients With Adult-Onset Moyamoya Disease

• Kim JY
• Kim HJ
• Choi EH
• Pan KH
• Chung JW
• Seo WK
• Kim GM
• Jee TK
• Yeon JY
• Kim JS
• Hong SC
• Seong MJ
• Cha J
• Kim KH
• Jeon P
• Bang OY

• KMID: 2534745
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2022.18.6.610

Abstract

Background and Purpose
The natural course of adult-onset moyamoya disease (MMD) is unknown, and there is no medical treatment that halts its progression. We hypothesized that progressive shrinkage of large intracranial arteries occurs in adult-onset MMD, and that cilostazol inhibits this process.
Methods
Serial high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI) was performed on 66 patients with MMD: 30 patients received cilostazol, 21 received other antiplatelets, and 15 received no antiplatelets or had poor compliance to them. Serial HR-MRI was performed (interval between MRI scans: 29.67±18.02 months, mean±SD), and changes in outer diameter, luminal stenosis, and vascular enhancement were measured. Factors affecting HR-MRI changes were evaluated, including vascular risk factors and the ring finger protein 213 gene variant.
Results
The progression of stenosis to occlusion, recurrent ischemic stroke, and the development of new stenotic segments were observed in seven, seven, and three patients, respectively. Serial HR-MRI indicated that the degree of stenosis increased with negative remodeling (outer diameter shrinkage). Patients who received cilostazol presented significantly larger outer diameters and lower degrees of stenosis compared with other groups (p=0.005 and p=0.031, respectively). After adjusting for clinical and genetic factors, only cilostazol use was independently associated with negative remodeling (odds ratio=0.29, 95% confidence interval=0.10–0.84, p=0.023). While vascular enhancement was observed in most patients (61 patients), the progression of enhancement or the occurrence of new vascular enhancement was rarely observed on follow-up HR-MRI (6 and 1 patients, respectively).
Conclusions
Adult-onset MMD induces progressive shrinkage of large intracranial arteries, which cilostazol treatment may prevent. Further randomized clinical trials are warranted.

Keyword

moyamoya disease; intracranial stenosis; magnetic resonance imaging; stroke; cilostazol