J Nutr Health.  2022 Feb;55(1):174-187. 10.4163/jnh.2022.55.1.174.

Development and evaluation of a nutrition education program for housewives to reduce sodium intake: application of the social cognitive theory and a transtheoretical model

• Ahn S
• Kwon JS
• Kim K
• Kim HK

• KMID: 2526930
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2022.55.1.174

Abstract

Purpose
This study was performed to evaluate an education program for housewives to reduce sodium intake based on the social cognitive theory.
Methods
Housewives (n = 387) received 2 education sessions focused on food purchase and cooking, and completed a questionnaire on their perceptions of environmental, cognitive, and behavioral factors and the stages of behavioral change to reducing sodium intake both before and after the education program.
Results
After the education program, the recognition of social efforts for sodium reduction and sodium labeling and experience with low-sodium products increased. Positive expectancies for the prevention of osteoporosis by the reduction of sodium were enhanced while the main barriers in practicing sodium reduction decreased, especially ‘interrupting social relationships when dining with others’, ‘bad taste’, ‘preference for soup or stew’, and ‘limited knowledge and skills to practice’. In addition, cognition and nutrition knowledge related to reducing sodium intake were improved on all scores, but the effect on self-efficacy and dietary behavior was limited to only a few items. The percentage of participants in the pre-action stage (including pre-contemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages) for reducing sodium intake decreased from 43.2% before education to 21.5% after education, while that in the action stage increased from 19.6% before education to 43.5% after education (p < 0.001). The education program had the most significant impact on participants who were in the pre-action stage and showed improved scores in all sections.
Conclusion
These results suggest that a customized education program for housewives could be an effective tool to reduce sodium intake by improving personal expectancies, cognition, and nutrition knowledge regarding sodium reduction and enabling a greater section of the population to move to the action stage of reducing sodium intake.

Keyword

dietary sodium; social cognitive theory; transtheoretical model