Endocrinol Metab.  2021 Aug;36(4):737-744. 10.3803/EnM.2021.401.

Exercise/Resistance Training and Muscle Stem Cells

• Fukada Si
• Nakamura A

• KMID: 2519661
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.401

Abstract

Skeletal muscle has attracted attention as endocrine organ, because exercise-dependent cytokines called myokines/exerkines are released from skeletal muscle and are involved in systemic functions. While, local mechanical loading to skeletal muscle by exercise or resistance training alters myofiber type and size and myonuclear number. Skeletal muscle-resident stem cells, known as muscle satellite cells (MuSCs), are responsible for the increased number of myonuclei. Under steady conditions, MuSCs are maintained in a mitotically quiescent state but exit from that state and start to proliferate in response to high physical activity. Alterations in MuSC behavior occur when myofibers are damaged, but the lethal damage to myofibers does not seem to evoke mechanical loading-dependent MuSC activation and proliferation. Given that MuSCs proliferate without damage, it is unclear how the different behaviors of MuSCs are controlled by different physical activities. Recent studies demonstrated that myonuclear number reflects the size of myofibers; hence, it is crucial to know the properties of MuSCs and the mechanism of myonuclear accretion by MuSCs. In addition, the elucidation of mechanical load-dependent changes in muscle resident cells, including MuSCs, will be necessary for the discovery of new myokines/exerkines and understating skeletal muscle diseases.

Keyword

Muscle, skeletal; Hypertrophy; Exercise; Resistance training; Skeletal muscle satellite cells

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 Behaviors of muscle stem cells during different physical activities. (A) During sedentary or light physical activity, muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) remain in a quiescent state. (B) During intense physical activity, MuSCs start to proliferate.

• 

  Fig. 2 Muscle stem cells on myofibers. (A) Freshly isolated myofibers were stained with an anti-Pax7 antibody (green). Arrows indicate Pax7-positive muscle satellite cells (MuSCs). In this Figure, cartoon shows the expression of Hey and myogenic differentiation (MyoD) in MuSCs under each condition. (B) Cultured myofibers were stained with anti-Pax7 (red), MyoD (green), and Ki67 (cyan) antibodies. Three days after culturing in vitro, MuSCs expressed MyoD and Ki67. (C) Freshly isolated myofibers from overloaded muscles were stained with anti-Pax7 (red), MyoD (green), and Ki67 (white) antibodies. MuSCs proliferate without MyoD expression. DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.

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