Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci.  2021 Aug;19(3):498-506. 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.3.498.

The Relationship between Psychopathology, Self-esteem, Body Perception and Serum Sex Steroids in Pubertal Gynecomastia

• Arslan SC
• Esin IS
• Cayır A
• Orbak Z
• Dursun OB

• KMID: 2519557
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2021.19.3.498

Abstract

Objective
The current study aimed to investigate the psychopathology behind gynecomastia and potential associated problems regarding self-esteem and body perception, and the relationships of these variables with sex steroid levels in adolescents with pubertal gynecomastia.
Methods
The study included 50 normal weight male adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years with gynecomastia but without any chronic organic pathology, and 50 healthy pubertal male adolescents matched for age. The adolescents underwent psychopathology assessment by Development and Well-Being Assessment interviews; self-esteem was assessed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; body perception was evaluated using the Body Image Perception Scale, and the relationship between these variables and sex steroid levels were explored.
Results
The results of the study revealed that the gynecomastia group had significantly greater internalization disorder (X² = 12.96, p ＜ 0.001), and impairments in self-esteem (z = −1.975, p = 0.024) and body perception (z = −2.286, p = 0.022), and these variables were correlated with the gynecomastia stage. In the study group, cortisol levels were significantly higher (z = −2.330, p = 0.02) in adolescents with internalization disorder compared to those without, and cortisol levels increased in parallel with increased gynecomastia duration (r = 0.386, p = 0.006).
Conclusion
In our study, we found that gynecomastia, depending on its stage, may lead to internalization disorder and impair self-esteem and body perception. It was found that there was no direct relationship between these parameters and sex steroids in pubertal gynecomastia, except for high cortisol levels in adolescents with internalization disorder.

Keyword

Gynecomastia; Psychopathology; Self concept; Body image; Gonadal steroid hormones.