Int J Thyroidol.  2021 May;14(1):28-36. 10.11106/ijt.2021.14.1.28.

Clinicopathological Features of Patients Diagnosed with Both Primary Thyroid Cancer and Primary Renal Cell Cancer and Its Comparison with Patients with Thyroid Cancer or Renal Cell Cancer Alone

• Park J
• Kim YN
• Ryoo H
• Park H
• Park SY
• Kim TH
• Chung JH
• Seo SI
• Kim SW

• KMID: 2516162
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.11106/ijt.2021.14.1.28

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Thyroid cancer (TC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) display more frequent co-occurrence than would be expected by chance. We investigated clinicopathological features of patients with both primary TC and primary RCC (TC/RCC) group to facilitate a greater understanding of the relationship between two cancers.
Materials and Methods
A total of 53 patients who diagnosed with TC/RCC were enrolled. 13,663 TC-alone and 3279 RCC-alone patients who had undergone surgery at Samsung Medical Center between 1994 and 2014 were included as control groups. The clinicopathological characteristics of these patients were retrospectively reviewed.
Results
The median age at the time of TC or RCC diagnosis was 54 years in TC/RCC group and the RCC-alone group, while the patients in TC-alone group were significantly younger (47 years). The TC/RCC group showed a nearly equal sex prevalence (49% male), significantly different than the results of the TC-alone group (80% female) and RCC-alone group (71% male). A higher grade of pathologic stage (56.6% in stage 3) and greater number of patients with multifocality of thyroid tumors (45 vs. 32%), and more family history of cancer (32 vs. 0.4%) were revealed in TC/RCC group than in TC-alone group. In addition, 15.1% of patients in TC/RCC group presented with additional primary cancers such as prostate, colon, stomach, breast, and lung cancers. Conclusion: Patients in the TC/RCC group have a high rate of cancer family history, multifocality of thyroid tumors, and additional cancers. To understand this unique subset group, additional studies for environmental and genetic factors would be helpful for earlier diagnosis of combined cancers.

Keyword

Thyroid cancer; Renal cell carcinoma; Second malignancy; Risk

Reference

References

1. Oh CM, Kong HJ, Kim E, Kim H, Jung KW, Park S, et al. 2018; National epidemiologic survey of thyroid cancer (NEST) in Korea. Epidemiol Health. 40:e2018052. DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2018052. PMID: 30376709. PMCID: PMC6335496.

2. Ronckers CM, McCarron P, Ron E. 2005; Thyroid cancer and multiple primary tumors in the SEER cancer registries. Int J Cancer. 117(2):281–8. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21064. PMID: 15880372.

3. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. 2018; Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 68(6):394–424. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21492. PMID: 30207593.

4. Patard JJ, Leray E, Rioux-Leclercq N, Cindolo L, Ficarra V, Zisman A, et al. 2005; Prognostic value of histologic subtypes in renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter experience. J Clin Oncol. 23(12):2763–71. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2005.07.055. PMID: 15837991.

5. Rubino C, de Vathaire F, Dottorini ME, Hall P, Schvartz C, Couette JE, et al. 2003; Second primary malignancies in thyroid cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 89(9):1638–44. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601319. PMID: 14583762. PMCID: PMC2394426.

6. Sandeep TC, Strachan MW, Reynolds RM, Brewster DH, Scelo G, Pukkala E, et al. 2006; Second primary cancers in thyroid cancer patients: a multinational record linkage study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 91(5):1819–25. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-2009. PMID: 16478820.

7. Brown AP, Chen J, Hitchcock YJ, Szabo A, Shrieve DC, Tward JD. 2008; The risk of second primary malignancies up to three decades after the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 93(2):504–15. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-1154. PMID: 18029468.

8. Cho YY, Lim J, Oh CM, Ryu J, Jung KW, Chung JH, et al. 2015; Elevated risks of subsequent primary malignancies in patients with thyroid cancer: a nationwide, population-based study in Korea. Cancer. 121(2):259–68. DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29025. PMID: 25223713.

9. Kim C, Bi X, Pan D, Chen Y, Carling T, Ma S, et al. 2013; The risk of second cancers after diagnosis of primary thyroid cancer is elevated in thyroid microcarcinomas. Thyroid. 23(5):575–82. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0406. PMID: 23237308. PMCID: PMC3643257.

10. Lal G, Groff M, Howe JR, Weigel RJ, Sugg SL, Lynch CF. 2012; Risk of subsequent primary thyroid cancer after another malignancy: latency trends in a population-based study. Ann Surg Oncol. 19(6):1887–96. DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-2193-2. PMID: 22227921. PMCID: PMC4372195.

11. Subramanian S, Goldstein DP, Parlea L, Thabane L, Ezzat S, Ibrahim-Zada I, et al. 2007; Second primary malignancy risk in thyroid cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid. 17(12):1277–88. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2007.0171. PMID: 18020916.

12. Carhill AA, Litofsky DR, Sherman SI. 2015; Unique characteristics and outcomes of patients diagnosed with both primary thyroid and primary renal cell carcinoma. Endocr Pract. 21(5):461–7. DOI: 10.4158/EP14411.OR. PMID: 25536972.

13. Canchola AJ, Horn-Ross PL, Purdie DM. 2006; Risk of second primary malignancies in women with papillary thyroid cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 163(6):521–7. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwj072. PMID: 16421240.

14. Liu H, Hemminki K, Sundquist J. 2011; Renal cell carcinoma as first and second primary cancer: etiological clues from the Swedish Family-Cancer Database. J Urol. 185(6):2045–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.02.001. PMID: 21496838.

15. Wasenius VM, Hemmer S, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Nupponen NN, Franssila K, Joensuu H. 2005; MET receptor tyrosine kinase sequence alterations in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 29(4):544–9. DOI: 10.1097/01.pas.0000156103.37756.e2. PMID: 15767811.

16. Malchoff CD, Sarfarazi M, Tendler B, Forouhar F, Whalen G, Joshi V, et al. 2000; Papillary thyroid carcinoma associated with papillary renal neoplasia: genetic linkage analysis of a distinct heritable tumor syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85(5):1758–64. DOI: 10.1210/jc.85.5.1758. PMID: 10843148.

17. Looyenga BD, Furge KA, Dykema KJ, Koeman J, Swiatek PJ, Giordano TJ, et al. 2011; Chromosomal amplification of leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) is required for oncogenic MET signaling in papillary renal and thyroid carcinomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 108(4):1439–44. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1012500108. PMID: 21220347. PMCID: PMC3029686.

18. Cybulski C, Huzarski T, Gorski B, Masojc B, Mierzejewski M, Debniak T, et al. 2004; A novel founder CHEK2 mutation is associated with increased prostate cancer risk. Cancer Res. 64(8):2677–9. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0341. PMID: 15087378.

19. Cybulski C, Gorski B, Huzarski T, Masojc B, Mierzejewski M, Debniak T, et al. 2004; CHEK2 is a multiorgan cancer susceptibility gene. Am J Hum Genet. 75(6):1131–5. DOI: 10.1086/426403. PMID: 15492928. PMCID: PMC1182149.

20. Berthe E, Henry-Amar M, Michels JJ, Rame JP, Berthet P, Babin E, et al. 2004; Risk of second primary cancer following differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 31(5):685–91. DOI: 10.1007/s00259-003-1448-y. PMID: 14747959.

21. Chuang SC, Hashibe M, Yu GP, Le AD, Cao W, Hurwitz EL, et al. 2006; Radiotherapy for primary thyroid cancer as a risk factor for second primary cancers. Cancer Lett. 238(1):42–52. DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.06.015. PMID: 16039041.