1. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. 2020; A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 382:727–33. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa2001017. PMID:
31978945. PMCID:
PMC7092803.
Article
4. Kim JY, Choe PG, Oh Y, Oh KJ, Kim J, Park SJ, et al. 2020; The first case of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia imported into Korea from Wuhan, China: implication for infection prevention and control measures. J Korean Med Sci. 35:e61. DOI:
10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e61. PMID:
32030925. PMCID:
PMC7008073.
Article
5. Ceribelli A, Motta F, De Santis M, Ansari AA, Ridgway WM, Gershwin ME, et al. 2020; Recommendations for coronavirus infection in rheumatic diseases treated with biologic therapy. J Autoimmun. 109:102442. DOI:
10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102442. PMID:
32253068. PMCID:
PMC7127009.
Article
6. Au K, Reed G, Curtis JR, Kremer JM, Greenberg JD, Strand V, et al. CORRONA Investigators. 2011; High disease activity is associated with an increased risk of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 70:785–91. DOI:
10.1136/ard.2010.128637. PMID:
21288960.
Article
7. Franklin J, Lunt M, Bunn D, Symmons D, Silman A. 2007; Risk and predictors of infection leading to hospitalisation in a large primary-care-derived cohort of patients with inflammatory polyarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 66:308–12. DOI:
10.1136/ard.2006.057265. PMID:
16984941. PMCID:
PMC1856002.
Article
8. Lacaille D, Guh DP, Abrahamowicz M, Anis AH, Esdaile JM. 2008; Use of nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and risk of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 59:1074–81. DOI:
10.1002/art.23913. PMID:
18668604.
Article
9. Jani M, Barton A, Hyrich K. 2019; Prediction of infection risk in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with biologics: are we any closer to risk stratification? Curr Opin Rheumatol. 31:285–92. DOI:
10.1097/BOR.0000000000000598. PMID:
30789850. PMCID:
PMC6443047.
Article
11. Gabriel SE, Michaud K. 2009; Epidemiological studies in incidence, prevalence, mortality, and comorbidity of the rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Res Ther. 11:229. DOI:
10.1186/ar2669. PMID:
19519924. PMCID:
PMC2714099.
Article
12. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. 2020; Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 395:1054–62. DOI:
10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3. PMID:
32171076. PMCID:
PMC7270627.
Article
13. Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. 2020; Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 46:846–8. DOI:
10.1007/s00134-020-05991-x. PMID:
32125452.
Article
16. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19. 2020; Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 382:1708–20. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa2002032. PMID:
32109013. PMCID:
PMC7092819.
18. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. 2020; Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 323:1061–9. DOI:
10.1001/jama.2020.1585. PMID:
32031570. PMCID:
PMC7042881.
Article
19. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. 2020; Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 323:1239–1242. DOI:
10.1001/jama.2020.2648. PMID:
32091533.
20. European League Against Rheumatism. c2020. EULAR calls on governments in Europe to recognize the most vulnerable during COVID-19 [Internet]. European League Against Rheumatism;Kilchberg:
https://www.eular.org/call_on_governments.cfm. cited 2020 Apr 23.
23. Glück T, Kiefmann B, Grohmann M, Falk W, Straub RH, Schölmerich J. 2005; Immune status and risk for infection in patients receiving chronic immunosuppressive therapy. J Rheumatol. 32:1473–80. PMID:
16078322.
24. Salliot C, Gossec L, Ruyssen-Witrand A, Luc M, Duclos M, Guignard S, et al. 2007; Infections during tumour necrosis factor-alpha blocker therapy for rheumatic diseases in daily practice: a systematic retrospective study of 709 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 46:327–34. DOI:
10.1093/rheumatology/kel236. PMID:
16880188.
25. Listing J, Gerhold K, Zink A. 2013; The risk of infections associated with rheumatoid arthritis, with its comorbidity and treatment. Rheumatology (Oxford). 52:53–61. DOI:
10.1093/rheumatology/kes305. PMID:
23192911.
Article
26. Singh JA. 2016; Infections with biologics in rheumatoid arthritis and related conditions: a scoping review of serious or hospitalized infections in observational studies. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 18:61. DOI:
10.1007/s11926-016-0609-5. PMID:
27613285.
Article
27. Pappas DA, Hooper MM, Kremer JM, Reed G, Shan Y, Wenkert D, et al. 2015; Herpes zoster reactivation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: analysis of disease characteristics and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 67:1671–8. DOI:
10.1002/acr.22628. PMID:
26018115.
Article
28. Bechman K, Subesinghe S, Norton S, Atzeni F, Galli M, Cope AP, et al. 2019; A systematic review and meta-analysis of infection risk with small molecule JAK inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 58:1755–66. DOI:
10.1093/rheumatology/kez087. PMID:
30982883.
Article
30. World Health Organization. c2020. Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in suspected human cases: interim guidance, 2 March 2020 [Internet]. World Health Organization;Geneva:
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331329. cited 2020 Apr 23.
33. Gianfrancesco MA, Hyrich KL, Gossec L, Strangfeld A, Carmona L, Mateus EF, et al. COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance Steering Committee. 2020; Rheumatic disease and COVID-19: initial data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance provider registries. Lancet Rheumatol. 2:e250–3. DOI:
10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30095-3. PMID:
32309814. PMCID:
PMC7162647.
Article
34. Misra DP, Agarwal V, Gasparyan AY, Zimba O. 2020; Rheumatologists' perspective on coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) and potential therapeutic targets. Clin Rheumatol. 39:2055–62. DOI:
10.1007/s10067-020-05073-9. PMID:
32277367. PMCID:
PMC7145936.
Article
35. Smolen JS, Landewé RBM, Bijlsma JWJ, Burmester GR, Dougados M, Kerschbaumer A, et al. 2020; EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2019 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 79:685–99. DOI:
10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216655. PMID:
31969328.
36. van der Heijde D, Ramiro S, Landewé R, Baraliakos X, Van den Bosch F, Sepriano A, et al. 2017; 2016 update of the ASAS-EULAR management recommendations for axial spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 76:978–91. DOI:
10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210770. PMID:
28087505.
37. Smolen JS, Schöls M, Braun J, Dougados M, FitzGerald O, Gladman DD, et al. 2018; Treating axial spondyloarthritis and peripheral spondyloarthritis, especially psoriatic arthritis, to target: 2017 update of recommendations by an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis. 77:3–17. DOI:
10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211734. PMID:
28684559. PMCID:
PMC5867399.
Article
38. Fanouriakis A, Kostopoulou M, Alunno A, Aringer M, Bajema I, Boletis JN, et al. 2019; 2019 Update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 78:736–45. DOI:
10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215089. PMID:
30926722.
Article
39. World Health Organization. c2020. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected: interim guidance, 13 March 2020 [Internet]. World Health Organization;Geneva:
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331446. cited 2020 Apr 23.
42. National Institutes of Health. c2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines [Internet]. National Institutes of Health;Bethesda (MD):
https://covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/. cited 2020 Apr 23.
45. Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, Ferroni E, Al-Ansary LA, Bawazeer GA, et al. 2011; Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011:CD006207. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4. PMID:
21735402.
Article
47. Jefferson T, Jones M, Al Ansari LA, Bawazeer G, Beller E, Clark J, et al. 2020; Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Part 1 - face masks, eye protection and person distancing: systematic review and meta-analysis. medRxiv. DOI:10.1101/2020.03.30. 20047217. DOI:
10.1101/2020.03.30.20047217. PMID:
32496473.
Article
49. Bae S, Kim MC, Kim JY, Cha HH, Lim JS, Jung J, et al. 2020; Effectiveness of surgical and cotton masks in blocking SARS-CoV-2: a controlled comparison in 4 patients. Ann Intern Med. 173:W22–3. DOI:
10.7326/M20-1342. PMID:
32251511. PMCID:
PMC7153751.
Article
51. Howard J, Huang A, Li Z, Tufekci Z, Zdimal V, van der Westhuizen H, et al. 2020; Face masks against COVID-19: an evidence review. Preprints. DOI:10.20944/preprints 202004.0203.v1. DOI:
10.20944/preprints202004.0203.v2.
Article
52. Greenhalgh T, Schmid MB, Czypionka T, Bassler D, Gruer L. 2020; Face masks for the public during the covid-19 crisis. BMJ. 369:m1435. DOI:
10.1136/bmj.m1435. PMID:
32273267.
Article
60. Sveaas SH, Smedslund G, Hagen KB, Dagfinrud H. 2017; Effect of cardiorespiratory and strength exercises on disease activity in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 51:1065–72. DOI:
10.1136/bjsports-2016-097149. PMID:
28455366.
Article
61. Agca R, Heslinga SC, Rollefstad S, Heslinga M, McInnes IB, Peters MJ, et al. 2017; EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory joint disorders: 2015/2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 76:17–28. DOI:
10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209775. PMID:
27697765.
Article
62. Rausch Osthoff AK, Niedermann K, Braun J, Adams J, Brodin N, Dagfinrud H, et al. 2018; 2018 EULAR recommendations for physical activity in people with inflammatory arthritis and osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 77:1251–60. DOI:
10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213585. PMID:
29997112.
Article
63. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM, et al. American College of Sports Medicine. 2011; American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 43:1334–59. DOI:
10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb. PMID:
21694556.
64. Ahmadinejad Z, Alijani N, Mansori S, Ziaee V. 2014; Common sports-related infections: a review on clinical pictures, management and time to return to sports. Asian J Sports Med. 5:1–9. DOI:
10.5812/asjsm.34174. PMID:
24868426. PMCID:
PMC4009082.
Article
65. Halabchi F, Ahmadinejad Z, Selk-Ghaffari M. COVID-19 epidemic: exercise or not to exercise; that is the question! Asian J Sports Med 2020;11:e102630. DOI:
10.5812/asjsm.102630.
71. Freund KM, Belanger AJ, D'Agostino RB, Kannel WB. 1993; The health risks of smoking. The Framingham study: 34 years of follow-up. Ann Epidemiol. 3:417–24. DOI:
10.1016/1047-2797(93)90070-K. PMID:
8275219.
Article
72. Will JC, Galuska DA, Ford ES, Mokdad A, Calle EE. 2001; Cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus: evidence of a positive association from a large prospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 30:540–6. DOI:
10.1093/ije/30.3.540. PMID:
11416080.
Article
75. Sugiyama D, Nishimura K, Tamaki K, Tsuji G, Nakazawa T, Morinobu A, et al. 2010; Impact of smoking as a risk factor for developing rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 69:70–81. DOI:
10.1136/ard.2008.096487. PMID:
19174392.
Article
76. Formica MK, Palmer JR, Rosenberg L, McAlindon TE. 2003; Smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in the Black Women's Health Study. J Rheumatol. 30:1222–6. PMID:
12784393.
77. Chasset F, Francès C, Barete S, Amoura Z, Arnaud L. 2015; Influence of smoking on the efficacy of antimalarials in cutaneous lupus: a meta-analysis of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol. 72:634–9. DOI:
10.1016/j.jaad.2014.12.025. PMID:
25648824.
Article
79. Tam LS, Wei JC, Aggarwal A, Baek HJ, Cheung PP, Chiowchanwisawakit P, et al. 2019; 2018 APLAR axial spondyloarthritis treatment recommendations. Int J Rheum Dis. 22:340–56. DOI:
10.1111/1756-185X.13510. PMID:
30816645.
Article
81. Wu X, Cai Y, Huang X, Yu X, Zhao L, Wang F, et al. 2020; Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus in patient with pneumonia, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 26:1324–6. DOI:
10.3201/eid2606.200299. PMID:
32160148. PMCID:
PMC7258479.
Article
82. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. 2020; Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 395:507–13. DOI:
10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7. PMID:
32007143. PMCID:
PMC7135076.
Article
85. Furer V, Rondaan C, Heijstek MW, Agmon-Levin N, van Assen S, Bijl M, et al. 2020; 2019 update of EULAR recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 79:39–52. DOI:
10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215882. PMID:
31413005.
Article
86. O'Mahony R, Richards A, Deighton C, Scott D. 2010; Withdrawal of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 69:1823–6. DOI:
10.1136/ard.2008.105577. PMID:
19224904.
87. Galvao TF, Zimmermann IR, da Mota LM, Silva MT, Pereira MG. 2016; Withdrawal of biologic agents in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 35:1659–68. DOI:
10.1007/s10067-016-3285-y. PMID:
27107756.
Article
88. LaRochelle GE Jr, LaRochelle AG, Ratner RE, Borenstein DG. 1993; Recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in patients with rheumatic diseases receiving low-dose prednisone. Am J Med. 95:258–64. DOI:
10.1016/0002-9343(93)90277-V. PMID:
8368224.
Article
90. Hoes JN, Jacobs JW, Boers M, Boumpas D, Buttgereit F, Caeyers N, et al. 2007; EULAR evidence-based recommendations on the management of systemic glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 66:1560–7. DOI:
10.1136/ard.2007.072157. PMID:
17660219. PMCID:
PMC2095301.
Article
91. Voiriot G, Philippot Q, Elabbadi A, Elbim C, Chalumeau M, Fartoukh M. 2019; Risks related to the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in community-acquired pneumonia in adult and pediatric patients. J Clin Med. 8:786. DOI:
10.3390/jcm8060786. PMID:
31163625. PMCID:
PMC6617416.
Article
92. Day M. 2020; Covid-19: ibuprofen should not be used for managing symptoms, say doctors and scientists. BMJ. 368:m1086. DOI:
10.1136/bmj.m1086. PMID:
32184201.
Article
93. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. c2020. COVID-19 rapid guideline: rheumatological autoimmune, inflammatory and metabolic bone disorders [Internet]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence;London:
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng167. cited 2020 Apr 23.
94. Torjesen I. 2020; Covid-19: NICE advises against using NSAIDs for fever in patients with suspected cases. BMJ. 369:m1409. DOI:
10.1136/bmj.m1409. PMID:
32253225.
Article
96. Torjesen I. 2020; Covid-19: ibuprofen can be used for symptoms, says UK agency, but reasons for change in advice are unclear. BMJ. 369:m1555. DOI:
10.1136/bmj.m1555. PMID:
32303505.
Article
99. Giollo A, Adami G, Gatti D, Idolazzi L, Rossini M. 2020; Apr. 22. Coronavirus disease 19 (Covid-19) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). Ann Rheum Dis. [Epub]. DOI:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217598. DOI:
10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217598. PMID:
32321720.
Article
100. Chen D, Li H, Xie J, Zhan Z, Liang L, Yang X. 2017; Herpes zoster in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical features, complications and risk factors. Exp Ther Med. 14:6222–8. DOI:
10.3892/etm.2017.5297. PMID:
29285180. PMCID:
PMC5740583.
Article
101. Kim SH, Hong SB, Yun SC, Choi WI, Ahn JJ, Lee YJ, et al. Korean Society of Critical Care Medicine H1N1 Collaborative. 2011; Corticosteroid treatment in critically ill patients with pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 infection: analytic strategy using propensity scores. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 183:1207–14. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201101-0110OC. PMID:
21471084.
102. Hui DS. 2018; Systemic corticosteroid therapy may delay viral clearance in patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 197:700–1. DOI:
10.1164/rccm.201712-2371ED. PMID:
29227752.
Article
103. Russell CD, Millar JE, Baillie JK. 2020; Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. Lancet. 395:473–5. DOI:
10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30317-2.
Article
104. Singh AK, Majumdar S, Singh R, Misra A. 2020; Role of corticosteroid in the management of COVID-19: a systemic review and a clinician's perspective. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 14:971–8. DOI:
10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.054. PMID:
32610262.
Article
105. Wang Y, Ao G, Qi X, Zeng J. 2020; Jun. 23. The influence of corticosteroid on patients with COVID-19 infection: a meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. [Epub]. DOI:10.1016/j.ajem. 2020.06.040. DOI:
10.1016/j.ajem.2020.06.040. PMID:
32616373. PMCID:
PMC7308769.
Article
106. Mehta B, Pedro S, Ozen G, Kalil A, Wolfe F, Mikuls T, et al. 2019; Serious infection risk in rheumatoid arthritis compared with non-inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: a US national cohort study. RMD Open. 5:e000935. DOI:
10.1136/rmdopen-2019-000935. PMID:
31245055. PMCID:
PMC6560658.
Article
107. Blumentals WA, Arreglado A, Napalkov P, Toovey S. 2012; Rheumatoid arthritis and the incidence of influenza and influenza-related complications: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 13:158. DOI:
10.1186/1471-2474-13-158. PMID:
22925480. PMCID:
PMC3495205.
Article
108. Ledingham J, Gullick N, Irving K, Gorodkin R, Aris M, Burke J, et al. 2017; BSR and BHPR guideline for the prescription and monitoring of non-biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Rheumatology (Oxford). 56:2257. DOI:
10.1093/rheumatology/kex389. PMID:
29029272. PMCID:
PMC6649916.
Article
110. Zhang L, Zhu F, Xie L, Wang C, Wang J, Chen R, et al. 2020; Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China. Ann Oncol. 31:894–901. DOI:
10.1016/j.annonc.2020.03.296. PMID:
32224151. PMCID:
PMC7270947.
Article
111. Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges SL Jr, Akl EA, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, et al. American College of Rheumatology. 2016; 2015 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 68:1–25. DOI:
10.1002/acr.22783. PMID:
26545825.
Article
112. Gossec L, Baraliakos X, Kerschbaumer A, de Wit M, McInnes I, Dougados M, et al. 2020; EULAR recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis with pharmacological therapies: 2019 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 79:700–12. DOI:
10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217159. PMID:
32434812. PMCID:
PMC7286048.
114. Singh JA, Cameron C, Noorbaloochi S, Cullis T, Tucker M, Christensen R, et al. 2015; Risk of serious infection in biological treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 386:258–65. DOI:
10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61704-9. PMID:
25975452. PMCID:
PMC4580232.
Article
115. Strangfeld A, Listing J, Herzer P, Liebhaber A, Rockwitz K, Richter C, et al. 2009; Risk of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF-alpha agents. JAMA. 301:737–44. DOI:
10.1001/jama.2009.146. PMID:
19224750.
116. Winthrop KL, Baddley JW, Chen L, Liu L, Grijalva CG, Delzell E, et al. 2013; Association between the initiation of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy and the risk of herpes zoster. JAMA. 309:887–95. DOI:
10.1001/jama.2013.1099. PMID:
23462785. PMCID:
PMC3773213.
Article
118. Michot JM, Albiges L, Chaput N, Saada V, Pommeret F, Griscelli F, et al. 2020; Tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, to treat COVID-19-related respiratory failure: a case report. Ann Oncol. 31:961–4. DOI:
10.1016/j.annonc.2020.03.300. PMID:
32247642. PMCID:
PMC7136869.
Article
119. Zhang C, Wu Z, Li JW, Zhao H, Wang GQ. 2020; Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19: interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce mortality. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 55:105954. DOI:
10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105954. PMID:
32234467. PMCID:
PMC7118634.
Article
123. Nicastri E, Petrosillo N, Ascoli Bartoli T, Lepore L, Mondi A, Palmieri F, et al. 2020; National Institute for the Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", IRCCS. Recommendations for COVID-19 clinical management. Infect Dis Rep. 12:8543. DOI:
10.4081/idr.2020.8543. PMID:
32218915. PMCID:
PMC7097833.
Article
127. Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wang Q, Li T, Liu Z, et al. 2020; The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the perspectives of clinical immunologists from China. Clin Immunol. 214:108393. DOI:
10.1016/j.clim.2020.108393. PMID:
32222466. PMCID:
PMC7102614.
Article
128. Russell B, Moss C, George G, Santaolalla A, Cope A, Papa S, et al. 2020; Associations between immune-suppressive and stimulating drugs and novel COVID-19-a systematic review of current evidence. Ecancermedicalscience. 14:1022. DOI:
10.3332/ecancer.2020.1022. PMID:
32256705. PMCID:
PMC7105343.
Article
130. Pawar A, Desai RJ, Gautam N, Kim SC. 2020; Risk of admission to hospital for serious infection after initiating tofacitinib versus biologic DMARDs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a multidatabase cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2:E84–98. DOI:
10.1016/S2665-9913(19)30137-7.
Article
132. Anderson DM, Maraskovsky E, Billingsley WL, Dougall WC, Tometsko ME, Roux ER, et al. 1997; A homologue of the TNF receptor and its ligand enhance T-cell growth and dendritic-cell function. Nature. 390:175–9. DOI:
10.1038/36593. PMID:
9367155.
Article
133. Padigel UM, Kim N, Choi Y, Farrell JP. 2003; TRANCE-RANK costimulation is required for IL-12 production and the initiation of a Th1-type response to Leishmania major infection in CD40L-deficient mice. J Immunol. 171:5437–41. DOI:
10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5437. PMID:
14607948.
134. Barbaroux JB, Beleut M, Brisken C, Mueller CG, Groves RW. 2008; Epidermal receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand controls Langerhans cells numbers and proliferation. J Immunol. 181:1103–8. DOI:
10.4049/jimmunol.181.2.1103. PMID:
18606662.
135. Loser K, Mehling A, Loeser S, Apelt J, Kuhn A, Grabbe S, et al. 2006; Epidermal RANKL controls regulatory T-cell numbers via activation of dendritic cells. Nat Med. 12:1372–9. DOI:
10.1038/nm1518. PMID:
17143276.
Article
136. Cummings SR, San Martin J, McClung MR, Siris ES, Eastell R, Reid IR, et al. FREEDOM Trial. 2009; Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 361:756–65. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa0809493. PMID:
19671655.
Article
137. Wensel TM, Iranikhah MM, Wilborn TW. 2011; Effects of denosumab on bone mineral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Pharmacotherapy. 31:510–23. DOI:
10.1592/phco.31.5.510. PMID:
21923432.
Article
138. Miller PD, Bolognese MA, Lewiecki EM, McClung MR, Ding B, Austin M, et al. Amg Bone Loss Study Group. 2008; Effect of denosumab on bone density and turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone mass after long-term continued, discontinued, and restarting of therapy: a randomized blinded phase 2 clinical trial. Bone. 43:222–9. DOI:
10.1016/j.bone.2008.04.007. PMID:
18539106.
Article
139. Cummings SR, Ferrari S, Eastell R, Gilchrist N, Jensen JB, McClung M, et al. 2018; Vertebral fractures after discontinuation of denosumab: a post hoc analysis of the randomized placebo-controlled FREEDOM trial and its extension. J Bone Miner Res. 33:190–8. DOI:
10.1002/jbmr.3337. PMID:
29105841.
Article
140. Anastasilakis AD, Polyzos SA, Makras P, Aubry-Rozier B, Kaouri S, Lamy O. 2017; Clinical features of 24 patients with rebound-associated vertebral fractures after denosumab discontinuation: systematic review and additional cases. J Bone Miner Res. 32:1291–6. DOI:
10.1002/jbmr.3110. PMID:
28240371.
Article
141. Lamy O, Gonzalez-Rodriguez E, Stoll D, Hans D, Aubry- Rozier B. 2017; Severe rebound-associated vertebral fractures after denosumab discontinuation: 9 clinical cases report. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 102:354–8. DOI:
10.1210/jc.2016-3170. PMID:
27732330.
Article
142. Doran MF, Crowson CS, Pond GR, O'Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. 2002; Frequency of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with controls: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 46:2287–93. DOI:
10.1002/art.10524. PMID:
12355475.
Article
145. Koetz K, Bryl E, Spickschen K, O'Fallon WM, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. 2000; T cell homeostasis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 97:9203–8. DOI:
10.1073/pnas.97.16.9203. PMID:
10922071. PMCID:
PMC16846.
Article
147. Segal BH, Sneller MC. 1997; Infectious complications of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with rheumatic diseases. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 23:219–37. DOI:
10.1016/S0889-857X(05)70327-6. PMID:
9156390.
Article
148. Zhang X, Tan Y, Ling Y, Lu G, Liu F, Yi Z, et al. 2020; Viral and host factors related to the clinical outcome of COVID-19. Nature. 583:437–40. DOI:
10.1038/s41586-020-2355-0. PMID:
32434211.
Article
149. Gianfrancesco M, Hyrich KL, Al-Adely S, Carmona L, Danila MI, Gossec L, et al. COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance. 2020; Characteristics associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in people with rheumatic disease: data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry. Ann Rheum Dis. 79:859–66. DOI:
10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217871. PMID:
32471903.
150. Williamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K, Bacon S, Bates C, Morton CE, et al. 2020; Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature. 584:430–6. DOI:
10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4. PMID:
32640463.
Article
151. Pablos JL, Abasolo L, Alvaro-Gracia JM, Blanco FJ, Blanco R, Castrejón I, et al. RIER investigators group. 2020; Prevalence of hospital PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases in patients with chronic inflammatory and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 79:1170–3. DOI:
10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217763. PMID:
32532753. PMCID:
PMC7299645.
Article
154. Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, Solo K, Yaacoub S, Schünemann HJ. COVID-19 Systematic Urgent Review Group Effort (SURGE) study authors. 2020; Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 395:1973–87. DOI:
10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31142-9. PMID:
32497510. PMCID:
PMC7263814.
Article